Environment and public health. Environment and health

Human health and disease are a derivative of the environment and social environment. Health cannot be considered as something independent, autonomous. Man is part of nature. Therefore, a change in the environment will invariably lead to a change in human health.

Human health- this is a synthetic category, which includes, in addition to the physiological, moral, intellectual and mental components. Hence, to one degree or another, not only the person who has a chronic disease or physical defects is sick, but also the one who is distinguished by moral pathology, weakened intellect, unstable psyche.

Human health is an indirect indicator of the state of the environment.

The quality of the environment within the Kyrgyz Republic is determined by the following environmental factors affecting human health:

Geophysical, primarily climatic: atmospheric pressure, determined by the height of the terrain; dryness of the air and its high natural dust content, explained by the position of the republic in the desert zone; sharp temperature fluctuations (average daily, seasonal, annual); long duration of sunshine and intensity of solar radiation;

Geochemical: lack of iodine content in water sources and iron in the soil; confinement to settlements of enrichment plants associated with the extraction of mercury, bismuth, arsenic, lead;

Biotic: the action of allergens, poisons of plant and animal origin; exposure to pathogenic organisms; availability of useful animals and plants.

Human health is influenced by natural catastrophic processes and phenomena: earthquakes, landslides, floods, droughts.

For a person, pollution of any of the environments with which he comes into contact is unfavorable.

Considering that a person consumes more than 9 kg of air and more than 2 liters of water per day, it is easy to imagine that air and water pollution do the most harm to human health. It is no coincidence that respiratory diseases have the largest share (1/3) in almost all regions of the Kyrgyz Republic.

The children's organism suffers the most, because. his immune system has not yet been strengthened, and a young developing organism consumes, along with useful substances, a lot of harmful substances, sometimes “settling” in the body for a long time.

Pollution of the environment and possible violations of human health

Pollution of the environment and possible violations of human health

Source of pollution	Exposed- fouling component	Major pollutants	Possible human health disorders
Thermal power plants		Dust, ash	Decreased ventilation capacity and lung capacity, damage to the mucous membranes of the eye and upper respiratory tract, skin diseases
		Soot, which is the carrier of resinous substances	Increasing incidence of lung, skin, and blood cancers
		Sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide	General poisoning of the body, manifested in a change in the composition of the blood, damage to the respiratory system, increased susceptibility to infections, impaired metabolism, increased blood pressure
		Nitrogen oxides	Sharp irritation of the lungs and respiratory tract, the occurrence of inflammatory processes in them, a decrease in blood pressure
Lead production facilities	Air Water	Aerosols of lead compounds	Disorder of hemoglobin biosynthesis, change defense mechanisms organism. Functional and organic disorders of the cardiovascular system. Intoxication of the central nervous system. Mental disorders. Functional disorders of the liver, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract. Accumulation of lead in the body (in bones, blood, urine), lag physical development children
Zinc production facilities	Air Water	Zinc compounds, polymetal dust, nitrogen oxides, lead, phenol, mercury vapours, cadmium	Increase in general morbidity, respiratory diseases
Mercury production facilities	Air Water Biota	Vapors of metallic mercury, its inorganic and organic compounds. Mercury	Accumulation of mercury in the body (in the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas, muscle tissue, blood, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, hair). Neuropsychiatric disorders, increased overall morbidity. In children - hypertension, increased tooth decay. Irreversible damage to the central nervous system and brain.
Enterprises for the production of cement	Air Water		Increasing the incidence of respiratory organs, digestion, throat, nose, ear, mucous membranes of the eyes. Skin diseases.
Textile enterprises		cotton dust	Respiratory diseases (bronchitis)
Automobile transport	Air Water	Hydrocarbons, incl. benzapyrene	Irritation of the respiratory tract, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness. Decreased immunological activity of the body
		carbon monoxide	Blocking of blood hemoglobin and a decrease in the ability of blood to carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues, attacks of coronary insufficiency
		Nitrogen oxides	Sharp irritation of the lungs and respiratory tract and the occurrence of inflammatory processes in them
			Irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, chronic changes in the lungs, inflammatory processes in them
		Lead aerosol	Lead poisoning, up to death. Neurological disorders

Ecology of cities

This is how it used to be:

There are many scientists, there are few smart ones.

A.S. Pushkin

The microclimate of the city is quite difficult. It makes it difficult for air circulation, even if the streets of the city are planned in the direction of the prevailing winds. The air temperature is much higher than in rural areas adjacent to the city (why?)

Municipal waste of cities and their disposal

One of the important environmental problems of the city is the disposal of municipal solid waste. On average, about 200 kg of garbage per year is accumulated per inhabitant of the city. This problem is in different countries solved differently.

1. In the days of the USSR, our household waste was divided into garbage (where all the waste sometimes came), food waste, waste paper, scrap metal, rags, glass. There was no waste processing plant in Bishkek, all garbage was taken to landfills

2. Now there are no bins for food waste in the Kyrgyz Republic, it is not accepted broken glass, although waste paper is accepted, there is no incentive to hand it over (2 soms per kg). The question of building a waste processing plant in Bishkek has been standing for 10 years, there is also a place for it (CHP-2), but officials, as always, thought about who should be given the right to build it

3. In modern civilized countries, there is a fairly strong separation of garbage in order to maximize its recycling and recycling. In addition to the above components, plastic products and other products from hydrocarbon raw materials are assembled separately. There are collection points for old furniture, cars, household appliances and appliances, clothes, …

City and human health

A person living in a city gets sick much more often than a rural resident for a number of reasons:

He leads a much less active lifestyle.

The air in the city is heavily polluted with various gases, heavy metals and other harmful components.

A city dweller is constantly in contact with a huge number of people, so he is much more likely to "catch" an infection, and therefore epidemics break out more often in cities and there is a need to declare quarantine

Life among a large number of people constantly leads to the emergence of conflict and stressful situations, which in turn leads to the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, stomach ulcers, etc.

Excessive city noise can cause nervous exhaustion, mental depression, autonomic neurosis, peptic ulcer, endocrine and cardiovascular disorders. Noise also interferes with people's work and rest, reduces labor productivity.

This is how urban diseases appeared

Allergies, which are 10 to 30 times more common in urban areas than in rural areas

In the city, the incidence of tuberculosis, neurological and cardiovascular diseases is 5-6 times higher

The lack of a proper diet, the use of a large number of preservatives, low intake of vitamins in natural products leads to a 3-5 times increase in diseases of the digestive system and intestines

In addition, low vitamin intake leads to a decrease in overall immunity and the occurrence of a huge number of health defects.

Ways to reduce the impact of the city on human health

In practice, there are very few such methods. Only green spaces can be the main doctor of cities. In many ways, the health of the city dweller depends on himself. It is necessary to be more in the fresh air, go to nature / cottage more often, play sports / physical education, carefully monitor hygiene, and harden. A lot depends on the mental state of the person. If he is able to forgive, not to enter into conflicts, maintain a good mood, treat all sorts of troubles philosophically, etc. - a significant part of the negative influence of the city he does not care.

The role of green spaces in the life of cities

The main functions of green spaces in a modern city are sanitary and hygienic, recreational, structural planning, decorative and artistic. All of them, to one degree or another, contribute to the improvement of human health, because. They

purify the air from gases, heavy metals, various aerosols

saturate the air with oxygen

soften the microclimate of the city, improving the temperature regime and increasing the humidity of the air

absorb noise

secrete phytoncides (substances that kill bacteria)

aesthetically fill the asphalt-concrete landscape of the city, allowing you to relieve stress

In order for green spaces to perform their functions as much as possible, it is necessary to place them according to the following principles:

Plant along roads

Planting forest belts for industrial zones and enterprises

Do not reduce, but increase the area of ​​green spaces in the "sleeping" areas, while taking into account the cleansing, phytoncidal and aesthetic properties of plants

The centers of cities, especially large ones, must be turned into park areas, otherwise these areas will be "gas chambers", because. concentration harmful substances in them will exceed the maximum permissible norms by several times

On highways with increased load, it is necessary to separate traffic flows by forest belts

Tourism and environment

See no malice in what can be explained by stupidity.

Tourism - travel (trip, hike) in free time; one of the outdoor activities. Derived from the French tour - a walk, a trip. It is one of the most effective means of meeting the recreational needs of the population, because combines healing, knowledge, communication, etc. Depending on the goals, it is divided into cognitive, sports, suburban, amateur, business, religious, etc.

In the post-Soviet period in the Kyrgyz Republic, the widely developed sports and educational tourism was replaced by "wild" tourism. So-called picnics have become an integral part of people's lives, especially urban residents. Unfortunately, such field trips are far from true tourism, because. their main goal is the destruction of supplies of provisions and strong drinks brought with them, often in unlimited quantities. All this is packed in multiple plastic bags, plastic bottles, etc. A special "joy" to nature is brought by trips "to barbecues", because at the same time fires are still made, firewood is broken. Moreover, firewood is any woody form of vegetation, often still full of vitality. It is not worth talking too much about what the natural corners turn into after such a rest, which cordially provided man with their splendor. Vandals and barbarians would shake with admiration.

What are the basic rules of human behavior in nature? There are not so many of them. And they are not very difficult to perform.

Don't leave trash. After all, ordinary paper until completely decomposed (under favorable conditions) lies for 2 years, a tin can - more than 90 years, plastic bags - more than 200 years, plastic bottles - up to 1000 years, glass - more than 1000 years. If something interferes with the removal of garbage with you, dispose of it so. The rest of the food can be put under some bush, preferably not near the road / path. They will be eaten by animals or they will decompose themselves rather quickly. Everything that burns, burn. Tin cans - burn well in a fire and bury. Then in a couple of years you will not find them even with a mine detector. But broken glass is better to take with you. Although if a powerful stormy river flows nearby, then they can be thrown into the rapids, and the river will quickly turn the glass back into sand. In no case should this be done in small rivers and streams.

Do not break off living branches of trees and shrubs, do not damage them with axes and cutting objects. They are still not suitable as firewood, because. contain a lot of moisture. And one injured big birch can lose up to 200 liters of juice per season. Pathogenic organisms penetrate the wounds on the trunks, the plant becomes ill and may die completely.

Do not make fires at a distance of less than 3 meters from trees and shrubs, among dry grass, reeds and reeds, in areas littered with dry branches. Do not leave campfires unattended, even for a short time. Make fires on old fire pits. If there are none, then select a site without soil. If this is not possible, then carefully remove the turf, and when leaving, carefully fill the fire with water and lay the removed turf in place. Never leave fires unextinguished.

When choosing a parking spot, pay attention to the fact that there are no animal holes nearby, bird nests, anthills. And you will be calmer, and do not disturb the life of animals. Disturbed birds and animals, as a rule, leave their places, leaving their eggs and chicks. Young animals with such an emergency "evacuation" do not keep up with adults and often die.

Do not pick flowers, because. they, having withered, become uninteresting to you, and you simply throw them away. But the flower is the future fruit and seeds.

When picking mushrooms, cut them off, leaving the mycelium alone. Stupidly pulling out the mushroom, you just destroy it. And cut the mushroom anyway. After. But the fungus has already been destroyed.

Don't touch the snakes. Then they won't touch you. Do not forget: there are no absolutely harmful and useless animals. In addition, harmless legless lizards - spindles (yellow bellies) are often confused with snakes.

Think! How much harm you can bring to nature in just one picnic.

And even if you look at all this purely selfishly (which is widespread in our modern society), then how you leave the parking lot depends on whether you next come to a natural paradise or to a garbage dump.

Human health largely depends on the state of the environment in which he lives. The chemical composition and quality of food, water, air, determine not only the state of health, but the nature of human diseases. The expansion of society's impact on nature predetermines a sharp aggravation of the problem of pollution human environment environment. In analyzing it, we must distinguish between two main forms of pollution.

The first of them - let's call it quantitative - should be understood as industrial and domestic emissions into nature of those substances and chemical compounds that, although they occur in nature in a natural state, but in much smaller volumes. Take, for example, air pollution. In its natural state, it also contains many small particles in the form of dust and gaseous compounds. However, according to reference data, 9-10 billion tons of standard fuel are burned annually in the world, as a result of which an additional 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, which is 1.5 times more than as a result of the breathing of all mankind. In addition, factories, power plants, means of transport emit tens and hundreds of millions of tons of other pollutants. But, perhaps, the second form of pollution - let's call it qualitative - associated with the entry into nature of completely new substances and compounds created by modern industry, poses an even greater threat. Technogenic products of this kind, spreading in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, lead to serious violations of the natural ecological situation. A person is often physiologically unprepared for them. This is due to the increase in the number of oncological diseases, endocrine, allergic and other diseases.

Among the environmental factors affecting human health, first of all, it should be noted the pollution of atmospheric air, water and food.

Sources of air pollution can be conditionally divided into two categories. large groups- natural and artificial. Natural, or natural, pollution does not have such a strong effect on air quality changes as artificial or anthropogenic pollutants. The former include volcanic eruptions, forest and steppe fires, salt-saturated sea spray and fog, plant pollen, dust storms, animal excretions, and cosmic dust.

Artificial pollutants can be conditionally divided into several groups:

1) physical (mechanical) pollutants - various emissions from industrial enterprises, smoke and soot from the combustion of oil and coal, wearable rubber tires, etc.;

2) chemical pollutants - dusty water or gaseous substances capable of entering into chemical reactions;

3) biological pollutants - bacteria, viruses, some types of plants and animals;

4) radioactive pollutants - releases of radionuclides as a result of accidents at nuclear facilities, radioactive contamination from weapons of mass destruction and nuclear waste.

The main source of mechanical and chemical pollution of the atmosphere is industry and, above all, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises.

For example, a coal-fired thermal power plant with a capacity of 700 MW, consuming about 1 million tons of coal with a sulfur content of 1% per year, per hour of operation on full power emits 500 tons of carbon dioxide, 0.15 tons of carbon monoxide, 7 tons of sulfur dioxide into the air. 1.7 tons of nitrogen oxide, 0.05 tons of hydrocarbons and 0.7 tons of dust.

Big problems in the field of maintaining the purity of the air arose with the development of metallurgy. During the processing of ore, dust containing metal particles is released into the air as a by-product, which causes a permanent deterioration in health.

For example, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the greatest danger is the dust generated in copper smelters (See Table).

From these components, under the influence of moisture in the air, extremely toxic volatile substances can be formed.

A significant part of sulfur dioxide (SO2) is formed in the atmosphere due to the combustion of various types of fuel containing a large amount of sulfur. In brown coals, the content reaches 14% sulfur. In humans, SO2 first causes spasms of the bronchial walls; then inflammation of the bronchial mucosa occurs, chronic bronchitis develops and can contribute to the onset of cancer.

When burning solid fuel TPPs produce sulfur oxides that are harmful to the environment, and when fuel oil is used, oxides of vanadium, lead, and nickel are formed. To reduce the amount of harmful substances, open-loop dust collection systems have been developed, which significantly reduces the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. In addition, scientists have invented an electrostatic precipitator capable of precipitating 98-99% of the dust contained in smoke emissions. Such devices are increasingly used in the chemical industry.

The problem of clean water is that a person needs not any, but fresh water of a certain quality for life. We should not forget that out of every 100 liters of water that is on earth, 97 liters are salty. In other words, the total reserves of all fresh water land - rivers, lakes, underground and snow-glacial resources account for less than 3% of the total amount of water on earth. Water reserves in rivers and lakes are estimated at 95 thousand km3, i.e. only 0.26% of the total fresh water resources, or 0.007% of the total water reserves on Earth.

How big the water needs of industry and agriculture can be judged by the following figures. For the production of sugar from 1 ton of sugar beets, 0.5-0.6 m 3 of water is required, for tanning 1 ton of raw leather - 20-50 m 3, etc.

In the pollution of underground and surface water dominated by chemical pollutants. Water pollution with heavy metals, acids, alkalis, cyanides and other mineral and organic substances occurs mainly under the influence of industrial and agricultural effluents. Pollutants of this type directly affect certain components of wildlife.

Other chemical pollutants act slowly and relatively secretly. These are petroleum hydrocarbons, phenol production products, halogenated insecticides, herbicides, synthetic detergents (detergents used in industry and in everyday life). For example, according to the data World Organization Health (WHO), every year in the world about half a million people fall ill, and more than 5 thousand die from pesticide poisoning - drugs used to protect plants from pests and diseases, to control weeds.

Another type of water pollutants are biological pollutants. This includes organic substances capable of fermentation. Such pollution can occur as a result of sewage runoff into rivers, insufficient treatment and waste disposal of pulp and paper, textile and other enterprises.

A separate group consists of mechanical pollutants, the danger of which was also underestimated until recently. These are solid inert substances: clay, sand, slag, salt mining and coal industry waste, discharge of industrial and waste water directly into the sea or with river runoff, washout of various toxic substances used in agriculture and forestry and in other types of economic activity, intentional burial at the bottom of the seas and oceans of various toxic, including radioactive, waste. Thermal pollution poses a great danger, mainly discharges of heated waters of thermal or nuclear power plants. This pollution, combined with other types of pollutants, is a major problem for the future.

In addition to the rivers and lakes of the planet, the seas and oceans are heavily polluted. The routes of pollution can be very different: release of pollutants from ship operations, accidental releases from ships and underwater pipelines, release from seabed mining, transport of pollutants through the atmosphere, natural release of oil through cracks. earth's crust etc.

However, radioactive contamination should be recognized as the most dangerous pollution of the environment. Currently, nuclear power plants operate in many countries of the world. Each 1,000-megawatt reactor contains as much radioactive material as would fall out of a thousand bombs like the one that was dropped on Hiroshima. Each reactor produces tons of radioactive waste every year, some of which remains hazardous for more than 500,000 years. So far, no safe methods have been found for the disposal and storage of such substances.

Until 1986 (accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant), radioactive contamination was considered as indirect contamination, affecting mainly human biology. The Chernobyl accident forced us to reconsider this point of view and recognize the enormous danger posed by radioactive pollutants, not only for humans, but for the entire biosphere as a whole.

All of the above types of pollution are the causes of a wide variety of human diseases.

Impact of pollutants on human health

pollutant	Types of diseases
Arsenic	Lung cancer, various skin diseases, hematological effects including anemia
Beryllium	Dermatitis, ulcers, inflammation of the mucous membranes
Cadmium	Malignant neoplasms, acute and chronic respiratory diseases; renal dysfunction
Mercury	Impact on the nervous system. Including short-term memory loss, impaired sensory function and coordination, kidney failure
Lead	Violation of hematopoietic processes, damage to the liver and kidneys, neurological effects
Chromium	Lung cancer, malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Dermatitis
Nickel	Respiratory diseases (asthma, respiratory disorders), birth defects and deformities, nose and lung cancer

According to WHO, about 80% of cases of illness and death in the world are associated with water and food pollution. At the beginning of the XXI century. In some European countries, diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and hepatitis are once again becoming a real threat to public health. Outbreaks of these diseases were recorded in Albania, Great Britain, Italy, Romania, Sweden, which was associated not only with microbes and viruses, but also with contamination of drinking water with lead, arsenic, nitrates, and fluoride compounds (see table).

The most famous and widespread environmental diseases in the world include the so-called Minamata, Itai-Itai and Chernobyl diseases.

Minamata disease is a human disease caused by mercury compounds. This disease was first described in the 1950s. 20th century in Japan, from fishermen in Minamata Bay, whose waters were contaminated with industrial effluents from a local chemical plant containing mercury. Thus, fish caught in this bay contained up to 50 mg/kg of mercury. The disease manifests itself in the form of a neuroparalytic disorder.

Itai-itai disease was caused by eating rice containing cadmium compounds. The disease has been known since the 1950s. XX century, when the discharge waters of the Mitsui concern (Japan), containing cadmium, got into the irrigation system of rice fields. This poisoning causes apathy in people, damage to the kidneys, softening of the bones.

"Chernobyl disease" is caused by exposure to radionuclides, especially radioactive iodine-131. The total release of radioactive substances into the atmosphere as a result of the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant amounted to 77 kg. For comparison, the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima in 1945 released 740 g of radionuclides. Symptoms of the "Chernobyl disease" are headache, dry mouth, swollen lymph nodes, oncological tumors of the larynx. Signs of the "Chernobyl disease" in humans are also noted near the radioactive waste processing sites. So, for example, in the area of ​​the Mayak Production Association (Chelyabinsk region), the level of oncological diseases has almost doubled in recent years.



It has a huge impact on health and the environment. Human intervention in the regulation of natural processes does not always lead to the desired positive results. Violation of at least one of the natural components leads, by virtue of the interrelations existing between them, to the restructuring of the existing structure of natural-territorial components. Pollution of the land surface, hydrosphere, atmosphere and the World Ocean affects the health of people.

In order to reduce air pollution, in particular, sulfur dioxide, power plants in a number of large cities are being transferred to low-sulphur fuel, gasification and centralization of energy supply are being developed.

Problems of the biosphere

By the beginning of the 70s, the problem of the biosphere was put forward, that is, a set of questions about the preservation, restoration and improvement of the human environment, the prevention of further degradation changes in the biosphere caused by modern forms and methods of scientific, technical and social development. The fact that environmental problems have begun to attract more and more attention of scientists does not detract from the importance of research in the field of physics or space.

The dominant position of the problem of the biosphere at this specific historical stage of the development of society is emphasized, which causes some “biospherization” of the natural, technical and social sciences, that is, their well-known reorientation towards resolving the current ecological situation.

Currently, pollution processes, such as the hydrosphere, are developing extremely intensively: by the mid-60s, 47 countries (71% of the countries surveyed by the UN) recognized the serious nature of degradation changes in their territorial waters and the waters of the World Ocean. It is estimated that in the World Ocean with precipitation And sewage Thousands of tons of DDT are ingested every year, which ultimately adversely affects the development of marine organisms.

Industrial production problem

All industrial production can be divided into three categories. The first included production that did not have harmful effects on human health, such as garment production. To the second - production is relatively harmful, such as metalworking. They were allowed to be built on the outskirts of cities, at some distance from them. The third group included production, the placement of which near cities was strictly prohibited. However, the rapid growth of urban development in less than half a century has nullified the effectiveness of this ban. Large industrial enterprises, initially built far from the city, were quickly absorbed by urban development. Moreover, the largest mass of the urban population accumulated near large enterprises, where the highest pollution was observed. Such an ecological state was characteristic of almost all major industrialized cities.

In our country, decisive measures have already been taken to combat environmental impact unplanned urban development. The state of the environment improved markedly, but the environmental problems of cities remained quite acute. Traditional sources of environmental pollution have been supplemented by new ones, the role of which is constantly growing. This is primarily road transport, which is currently the main source of air pollution in cities, as well as noise.

In turn, cities, being major transport hubs, have become like a center of net pollution of the natural environment along the highways leading to it.

Air basin condition

Most large cities are characterized by extremely strong and intense air pollution. It is widely believed that with the increase in the size of the city, the concentration of various pollutants in its atmosphere also increases. Along with low levels of pollution concentration in peripheral areas, it sharply increases in areas of large industrial enterprises, especially in central areas. In the latter, despite the absence of large industrial enterprises, as a rule, elevated concentrations of atmospheric pollutants are always observed.

This is due to the fact that in the central regions there is heavy traffic of vehicles, and the fact that the atmospheric air is usually several degrees higher than in the peripheral ones - this leads to the appearance of ascending air currents over the centers of cities, sucking in polluted air from industrial areas located in the near periphery. When analyzing urban air pollution processes, there is a significant difference between pollution produced by stationary and mobile sources. Generally, as the size of a city increases, the proportion of mobile pollution sources that V mainly motor transport) increases, reaching 60 and even 70%.

At present, great hopes in the field of air basin protection are associated with the maximum gasification of industry and the fuel and energy complex, but the effect of gasification should not be exaggerated. Unlike stationary sources, pollution of the air basin by vehicles occurs at a low altitude and almost always has a local character. Thus, the concentration of pollutants produced by car, decreases rapidly with distance from the highway, and in the presence of sufficiently high obstacles (for example, in closed courtyards of houses) can decrease by more than 10 times. In general, vehicle emissions are more toxic than emissions from stationary sources. Along with carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and soot (for diesel vehicles), a running car releases into the environment more than 200 substances and compounds that have a toxic effect.

Among them, heavy metal compounds, some hydrocarbons, especially benzapyrene, which has a pronounced carcinogenic effect, should be distinguished. Undoubtedly, in the near future, pollution of the air basin of cities by road transport will pose the greatest danger. This is mainly due to the fact that at present there are no cardinal solutions to this problem, although there is no shortage of individual technical projects and recommendations. Atmospheric air pollution is the most serious environmental problem of a modern city, it causes significant damage to the health of citizens, material and technical facilities located in the city (buildings, facilities, structures, industrial and transport equipment, communications, industrial products, raw materials and semi-finished products), and green plantations.

Let us analyze, for example, the impact of air pollution on material and technical objects by only one component - sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere when fuel is burned. Numerous studies show that an increased concentration of sulfur dioxide in the air dramatically increases the corrosion of metals. Thus, according to Swedish researchers, the corrosion of carbon steel is especially intense in cities with significant air humidification, and especially those adjacent to sea coasts. As the cost of industrial equipment and industrial products rises, the damage caused by air pollution will steadily increase.

Moreover, it turns out that already at the present time whole line the most advanced industries, such as electronics, precision engineering and instrumentation, are experiencing serious difficulties in their development in urban areas. Enterprises in these industries have to spend a lot of money on cleaning the air entering the workshops, and, despite this, in industries located in large cities, technology violations caused by air pollution are becoming more frequent every year. But even if it is possible to create conditions close to ideal in the workshops for the production of high-precision and highly conditioned products, then, leaving the workshop, it begins to be subjected to the damaging effects of pollutants and can quickly lose its quality.

Thus, air pollution is becoming a real brake on scientific and technological progress in cities, the effect of which will constantly increase as the requirements for the purity of technologies increase, the accuracy of industrial equipment increases, and the spread of microminiaturization.

Impact of the environment on the health of the urban population

To a large extent, air pollution affects the health of the urban population. This is evidenced, in particular, by significant differences in the incidence of the population in certain areas of the same city. In one area, a large number of industrial enterprises are located near kindergartens, in another - children's institutions are remote from the main highways and sources of air pollution with harmful substances. The analysis of morbidity showed that the total acute morbidity in the first region was 1.5 times higher than in the second. The incidence of the respiratory organs in children of age groups (from one to 6 years) in the first region was 1.5 times higher than in the second, and the incidence of the nervous system and sensory organs - 2-2.5 times more often.

The change in the health of citizens is not only an indicator of the ecological state of the city, but also its most important socio-economic consequence, which should determine the leading directions for improving the quality of the environment. In this regard, it is important to emphasize that the very health of citizens within the biological norm depends on economic, social (including psychological) and environmental conditions.

In general, the health of citizens is influenced by many factors, in particular character traits urban lifestyle - physical inactivity, increased nervous stress, traffic fatigue and a number of others, but most of all - environmental pollution. This is evidenced by significant differences in the incidence of the population in different districts of the same city. The most notable negative effects of environmental pollution in major city are manifested in the deterioration of the health of urban residents in comparison with rural residents.

The need for conservation good health and high working capacity of citizens increases the requirements for the quality of the environment. First, the number of negatively acting factors (for example, harmful substances in the atmosphere and in water bodies) increases. The need to observe and take into account their joint impact on a person leads to a decrease in the maximum allowable values MPE of each of them. Secondly, MPE of many negative-acting factors in the environment (harmful substances, ionizing radiation), being a function of our knowledge, are periodically reviewed in the direction of tightening.

Along with air pollution, many other urban environmental factors adversely affect human health.

Noise pollution in cities almost always has a local character and is mainly caused by means of transport. - urban, railway and aviation. On the main highways of large cities, noise levels exceed 90 dB and tend to increase by 0.5 dB annually, which is the greatest danger to the environment in areas of busy transport routes. According to medical research, elevated levels noise contribute to the development of neuropsychiatric diseases and hypertension. The fight against noise in the central areas of cities is hampered by the density of existing buildings, which makes it impossible to build noise barriers, expand highways and plant trees that reduce noise levels. Thus, the most promising solutions to this problem are to reduce the noise of own vehicles.

Water basin pollution

Pollution of the water basin in cities should be considered in two aspects - water pollution in the water consumption zone and pollution of the water basin within the city due to its runoff.

Water pollution in the water consumption zone is a serious factor that worsens the ecological state of cities. It is produced due to both the discharge of part of the untreated effluents of cities and enterprises located above the water intake zone of a given city, and water pollution by river transport, and the ingress of part of the fertilizers and pesticides applied to the fields into water bodies. Moreover, if the first types of pollution can be effectively dealt with by building treatment facilities, then it is very difficult to prevent pollution of the water basin caused by agricultural activities. In zones increased hydration about 20% of fertilizers and pesticides applied to the soil end up in the drain. This, in turn, can lead to eutrophication of water bodies, which further degrades water quality.

Water treatment facilities of water pipelines are not able to purify drinking water from solutions of these substances, therefore drinking water may contain them in high concentrations and adversely affect human health. The growth of chemicalization of agriculture will inevitably lead to an increase in the amount of fertilizers and pesticides applied to the soil, and, accordingly, their concentration in water will increase.

Green spaces in cities

The presence of green spaces in cities is one of the most favorable environmental factors. Green spaces actively purify the atmosphere, condition the air, reduce the noise level, prevent the occurrence of unfavorable wind conditions, in addition, greenery in cities has a beneficial effect on the emotional state of a person. At the same time, green spaces should be as close as possible to the place of residence of a person, only then they can have the maximum positive environmental effect.

However, in cities, green spaces are unevenly distributed. It is clear that in the central areas of cities it is practically impossible to find more or less significant areas for the expansion of green spaces, all the more so that the available opportunities should be used to the maximum. In this case, the most promising is the development vertical gardening, the possibilities of which are very wide.

Green building in the areas of new buildings is also associated with considerable difficulties, both technical and economic. In technical terms, green construction is hampered by the littering of the territory of new buildings and the instillation of construction waste into the soil. However, the maximum possible greening of urban areas is one of the most important environmental activities in cities. Concluding the analysis of the main factors that form the ecological state in cities, let us dwell on one more problem directly related to human ecology. The factors that shape the environment of cities were mentioned above, meanwhile, an adult resident of a large city on a weekday spends most of his time in confined spaces: 9 hours at work, 12 - at home and at least an hour in transport, shops and other public places and, thus, is in direct contact with the urban environment for approximately 2-3 hours a day.

This fact forces us to pay serious attention to the ecological characteristics of the industrial and residential environment. The creation of comfortable conditions in enclosed spaces, primarily purified conditioned air and reduced noise levels, can significantly reduce the negative impact of the urban environment on human health, and these measures require relatively small material costs. However, insufficient attention has been paid to this issue so far. In particular, even in latest projects residential buildings often do not provide for the design possibilities for installing air conditioners and air filters. In addition, within the living environment itself, there are many factors that affect its quality.

They should include gas kitchens, significantly increasing the gas content of the living environment, low air humidity (if central heating), the presence of a significant amount of various allergens in carpets, upholstered furniture and even in heat-insulating materials used in construction, and many other factors. The negative consequences of all of the above must be foreseen in new construction and overhaul and it is also necessary to carry out active actions to improve the quality of the living environment.

The nature of human health

Pollution of the human environment primarily affects their health, physical endurance, performance, as well as their fertility and mortality. The impact of the natural environment on a person occurs through the dependence of a person on natural means of subsistence (abundance or lack of food, plant resources). Another way of influence is the presence or absence of necessary funds labor: in different eras, flint, tin, copper, iron, gold, coal, uranium ores were of unequal importance in the economy of man, society.

Another way the environment influences a person and his culture - the creation by nature itself of motives that prompt him to act, incentives for activity, the requirement of changing environmental conditions. Finally, special and extremely importance has a fifth source of environmental impact on people and their culture - this is the presence or absence of natural barriers that prevent meetings and contacts between groups (oceans, deserts, mountains, swamps). The absence of barriers, on the one hand, could be extremely useful for mutual enrichment of experience, and on the other - detrimental in the event of a collision with superior forces of hostile groups.

A person realizes himself not only as a subject, but also as an object of living nature. And this, according to ecologists, is a necessary prerequisite for the prosperity of mankind. First of all, because in the conditions of the ever-increasing manifestation of the undesirable "reverse" side of human activity in the biosphere, the question of satisfying the actual ecological needs of man becomes especially acute. And more and more often a person as an object of research is in the field of view of the natural and technical sciences. Speaking about the ecological well-being of a person, it is impossible not to touch upon the issue of protecting human health. After all, an environmentally sound attitude to nature is the main guarantee.

What does it mean to approach the tasks of protecting public health from ecological positions? For example, according to the full member of the Academy of Medical Sciences V. Kaznacheek, “the key mechanisms that determine the health, adaptation and pathology of an individual, not to mention human communities, cannot be correctly understood outside of population-ecological categories. After all, man, as a biosocial being, remains and will always be a part of the biosphere, which he, as a social being, is increasingly transforming in the process of his gigantic geochemical activity, which is becoming more and more the basis for the formation of the noosphere ... ".

The above interpretations of human ecology make it possible to specify the ideas about the ecological approach in medicine and public health as the study and assessment of the state of human health in connection with the influence of environmental factors. Unlike general hygiene (and its branches), medical geography and geographical pathology, epidemiology, unlike even social hygiene and health care organizations, differentiating environmental factors, the ecological approach takes them together. The role of the ecological approach is also growing because it is directly related to the development of disease prevention, which is the general line of health care.

Interstate agreements also provide for the strengthening of a comprehensive, cooperative study of the diverse, overtly and covertly acting environmental factors of the human environment in order to develop specific measures to protect it, prevent diseases and improve public health (meaning the interstate agreements of the USSR and the USA, the USSR and France); expanding the scope of the preventive direction of health care, taking into account environmental forecasting, a complex of social, psychological, genetic, natural factors, their healing and adverse effects; latest ways their detection and warning.

Environmental pollution in a number of countries and regions of the world has created a global problem for the further economic and social development of mankind, the health of present and future generations of people. The overcrowding of the population in the conditions of urban agglomerations only increases its severity. Contribution to the pollution of both the urban environment in particular and the biosphere as a whole is made not only by energy, metallurgical, chemical, petrochemical and pulp and paper industries, construction, agriculture and forestry, transport, but also by consumer waste.

It is also about the amount of municipal waste - worn shoes, clothes (and even unworn), outdated Appliances With the growth of the material well-being of people, it is becoming more and more waste, the consumption of disposable items, chemicals in everyday life is growing. The qualitative composition of both household and industrial waste has changed. Now these are mostly practically indigestible pollutants by nature. And not only by direct air or water, but also through the soil, harmful chemical compounds assimilated by plants and animals enter the human body ...

Of course, in the system of social values ​​of our society, health is necessary condition harmonious development of personality. At present, when the needs and opportunities of people have immeasurably increased not only in the material sphere, but also in free time, active recreation, communication with nature, the growth of their well-being fully depends on the cleanliness of the environment, the possibilities of recreational nature management.

The ecology of the city becomes a special field of knowledge. As an area of ​​scientific research, it is represented in a number of scientific disciplines. The interdisciplinary approach, the complex nature of the problems of urban ecology, explains the fact that the construction of cities and their development are now being carried out not only by theorists and practitioners of architectural planning, but also by sociologists, geographers, hygienists, biologists, and representatives of many other branches of science and technology. The tasks of protecting human health, ensuring optimal conditions for his life in a large city, and intensifying industrial development involve in these problems the whole complex of biomedical and social sciences. We are talking about the scientific substantiation of the optimal environmental parameters required for normal human life and health protection, a traditional problem of hygienic science. We can already talk about the emergence of a whole scientific interdisciplinary field of human ecology.

Meanwhile, hygienic standards have long become the leading criteria for the state of the natural environment of our cities, the basis for its control and planning. recreational activities. A special place in solving the problems of urban ecology is occupied by hygienic optimization of working conditions. After all, the reduction or complete elimination of the impact chemical substances, noise, vibration, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation and other industrial hazards at the same time solves the problem of preventing environmental pollution, improves public health.

A person is daily affected by a complex set of many environmental factors, and some of them have an influence constantly. others - periodically and almost never any of them act in isolation. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the whole complex of factors in order to solve practical problems in the prevention of diseases in the population, in the improvement of the environment.

Environmental factors are usually divided into chemical, biological and physical. 14.1.1.

Chemical Factors

Chemical environmental factors can be of natural and anthropogenic origin. A significant role in the chemical pollution of the environment is played by the transport of dry

way, water, air, using oil products as a source of energy. The amount of chemicals is very high. So, even today, the Chemical Abstract Services database (USA) contains information about almost 8 million different chemical compounds, and several tens of thousands of this number are widely used in diverse areas of life and are constantly used by people (Table 14.1). The most dangerous chemical pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, carcinogenic and radioactive substances, carbon monoxide II, carbon monoxide IV, sulfur oxide IV, nitrogen oxides, furans, etc. Depending on the degree of toxic effects, chemicals are divided into three hazard classes: 1)

arsenic, mercury, cadmium, selenium, lead, zinc, fluorine, benzene; 2)

boron, cobalt, nickel, copper, antimony, chromium; 3)

tungsten, manganese, strontium, vanadium.

Table 14.1. Classification and number of chemical compounds in constant use in humans Class of compounds Number of compounds Various compounds for various uses 50 000 Active ingredients in pesticides 1500 Active ingredients in medicines 4000 Drug excipients 2000 Food additives 2500 Life-sustaining drugs 3000 Total 63,000

Industrial enterprises pollute the air with sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, suspended dust particles, many organic compounds, asbestos, salts of heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, and other substances that are raw materials, intermediate or final products production, industrial waste.

As a result of accidents at the HOO, thousands of people are affected by hazardous chemicals. The biggest accident of the XX century. occurred in 1984 in Bhopal (India). As a result of the leakage of methyl isocyanate at the plant of the American transnational company Union Carbide, 3 thousand people died and 200 thousand received poisoning of varying severity.

The main causes of pollution of water bodies with chemicals are the discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into them, containing a wide variety of chemical compounds; a significant amount of fertilizers and pesticides can enter water sources with surface runoff from agricultural fields; Storm water from urban areas contains a large amount of suspended solids, oil products and other pollutants. Soil pollution can occur as a result of fertilization,

pesticides, irrigation of fields with sewage containing various chemical compounds, arrangement of dumps for industrial and domestic waste.

Chemicals can enter food as a result of field treatment mineral fertilizers, pesticides, during transportation, the use of chemical additives to improve the appearance, marketability and other properties of products. There are known cases of food contamination with compounds of metals and other elements - lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, tin, manganese, as well as oil products, pesticides, nitro compounds.

However, the conditions for the formation of the highest concentrations of chemicals are most often created in the production environment, where these substances are directly applied or obtained during the production process. The nature toxic action chemical compounds are divided into substances with a predominant general toxic effect, and those with the ability to have specific effects - carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic, teratogenic, embryotoxic, etc. Substances of the second group are more dangerous than substances of only general toxic action, due to the fact that they are capable of cause more severe damage to the body or affect offspring. 14.1.2.

Biological factors

Biological hazards are a set of biological components, the impact of which on humans or the environment is associated with their ability in natural or artificial conditions have an adverse effect on human health. They can be of both natural and anthropogenic origin, occur in all environments - in water, air, soil, food, at work, at home. Biological environmental pollutants are very numerous and diverse. The main components of the biological factor are: macroorganisms (animals, birds, ryoi); microorganisms (pathogenic, conditionally pathogenic, etc.); products of microbiological synthesis (enzymes, antibiotics, toxins, amino acids, protein and vitamin concentrates, etc.)

According to the World Health Organization, through food and water, a person can become infected with pathogens of many infections, including salmonella, vibrio cholerae, staphylococci, streptococci, rickettsonia, tuberculosis microbacteria, viruses, etc. More than 20/6 of all infectious diseases spread through the air. human diseases, including influenza, measles, whooping cough, natural and chicken pox, rubella, cerebrospinal meningitis, pneumonia, lifteria, scarlet fever, tonsillitis and others.

Other group biological factors environmental pollution arose in connection with the development of the microbiological synthesis industry - the production of feed and food additives, yeast, amino acids, antibiotics, which

led to the emergence of a qualitatively new type of contamination by microorganisms - producers (enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, proteins) and their metabolic products. 7

The above examples of an increase in the incidence of the population associated with biological pollution of the environment show its great sanitary and hygienic significance, which remains, despite the advances in medicine, in the treatment of a number of infectious diseases. 14.1.3.

Physical factors

The physical factors of the environment acting on a person are very diverse and quite numerous. By origin, they can be natural and anthropogenic. Among them there may be factors favorable, necessary for human health, and harmful, which depends both on the type and intensity of their impact.

Natural environmental factors include temperature, humidity, air movement, solar radiation, including the visible and invisible parts of the spectrum, atmospheric pressure, gravity, the Earth's magnetic field, atmospheric electricity, cosmic radiation, etc. Anthropogenic physical factors are radiation, thermal, light, electromagnetic , noise and other pollution. Noise pollution occurs as a result of unacceptable excess of the natural level of sound vibrations. A person is able to perceive sound frequencies in the range of 16-20,000 Hz. A unit of sound loudness measurement equal to 0.1 logarithm of the ratio of a given sound strength to its threshold (perceived by the human ear) intensity is called a decibel [dB]. The range of audible sounds for humans is from 0 to 170 dB. Sounds of very high intensity, the level of which exceeds 130 dB. cause pain and damage to the hearing aid. The main sources of noise in cities are industrial enterprises and transport. For example, on highways in large cities of Russia, the noise level from transport in the daytime reaches 90-100 dB. In table. 14.2 shows the levels of various sounds.

Approximately 30% of the urban population in Russia is exposed to significant, above-standard noise levels, which increase human fatigue, negatively affect the nervous system, cause insomnia, inability to concentrate, which leads to a decrease in labor productivity. Table 14.2. Levels of various sounds depending on the noise source Noise source ~ Noise level, dB Whisper 40 Reading room 60 Medium-loud speech 70 Car interior 90 Truck 100 Orchestra 110 Lightning 130 Airplane takeoff 140 Space rocket launch 150 Rifle shot 160 Cannon shot 170

Electromagnetic - cosmic, x-ray and y-radiation, as well as corpuscular - a-, (3-, proton and neutron radiation - are ionizing. Non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation is the radiation of radio communication and broadcasting systems, microwave radiation used in radar installations, television and industry , infrared radiation heating appliances, visible light of some lasers, ultraviolet radiation, etc. 14.2.

INTRODUCTION

A person is nothing but the sum of the following factors: parents and nurse, place and time, air and weather, light and sound, food and clothing; his will is the necessary consequence of all these causes.

I. Moleshot

Health… Since ancient times, people have associated and continue to associate their well-being, happiness, the ability to fully live and work, raise healthy children with this concept.

Numerous definitions of this concept boil down to the fact that health is the natural state of the body, which allows a person to fully realize his abilities, without limitation to exercise labor activity while maximizing active life expectancy. Healthy man has a harmonious physical and mental development, quickly and adequately adapts to the continuously changing natural and social environment, he does not have any painful changes in the body, he has a high working capacity. Subjectively, health is manifested by a sense of general well-being, the joy of life. It is in this broad sense that experts from the World Health Organization (WHO) have briefly defined health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of physical defects or disease.

To find out how the environment affects human health, it is necessary to start by defining the concepts of "nature" and "environment".

In a broad sense, nature is the entire material, energy and information world of the Universe. Nature is a collection natural conditions the existence of human society, which is directly or indirectly affected by humanity, with which it is connected in economic activity. The interaction of man with nature is an eternal and at the same time modern problem: humanity is connected by its origin with the natural environment, existence and future. Man as an element of nature is part of complex system"nature - society" At the expense of nature, humanity satisfies many of its needs.

All elements of nature are the environment. The concept of "environment" does not include man-made objects (buildings, cars, etc.), since they surround individuals, and not society as a whole. However, areas of nature modified by human activities (cities, agricultural lands, reservoirs, forest belts) are included in the environment, as they create a social environment.

Human health should be considered as a whole, as the health of a single organism, which depends on the health of all its parts. In order to live a long, full and capable life, naturally, one must be born from healthy parents, receive from them, as part of the gene pool, a high resistance of inherited immunity to various harmful environmental factors and a good organization of vital morphofunctional structures. Hereditarily acquired biological properties of an organism are an important, but not the only link that determines human health and well-being. Man is a social being. He lives in a complex web of laws, rules of conduct, various restrictions and dependencies. The structure of society becomes immeasurably more complex every year and the share of social component in a comprehensive health assessment modern man, populations, societies. For the use of the benefits of a civilized society, a person must live in rigid dependence on the way of life accepted in society, pay with a part of his freedom. And an unfree, dependent person cannot be considered completely healthy and happy. Some part of the freedom of the individual, given to society in exchange for the advantages of a civilized life, constantly keeps a person in a state of neuropsychic tension. In certain adverse stressful situations such mental stress arising from social factors, can exceed the resistance of reserve adaptive capabilities, primarily the human nervous system, and lead to a breakdown, a serious disease state.

And, finally, in the presence of a good social environment and rich biological properties, the state of human health may be dependent on one more factor - on the natural and climatic conditions of the habitat. A healthy person can lose his physical, mental and social well-being even if the region of his permanent residence is in the zone of ecological disaster. The most serious consequence of pollution of the biosphere lies in the genetic consequences. After all, the biosphere is not only the most important element of an integral natural complex, but also a unique bank of genetic resources.

The purpose of my work is to determine how the environment affects human health.

FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN HEALTH

We have already defined what the term "environment" means. The category "environment" includes a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors. The latter are factors generated by a person and his economic activity and have a predominantly negative impact per person. Changes in the state of health of the population, caused by the influence of environmental factors, are methodologically difficult to study, since this requires the use of multivariate analysis.

The structure of the environment can be conditionally divided into natural (mechanical, physical, chemical and biological) and social elements of the environment (work, life, socio-economic structure, information). The conditionality of such a division is explained by the fact that natural factors act on a person in certain social conditions and are often significantly changed as a result of the production and economic activities of people. The properties of environmental factors determine the specifics of the impact on a person.

Natural elements influence their physical properties: hypobaria, hypoxia; strengthening of the wind regime; solar and ultraviolet radiation; change in ionizing radiation, electrostatic voltage of air and its ionization; fluctuations of electromagnetic and gravitational fields; increased climate rigidity, etc. Natural geochemical factors affect a person by anomalies in the qualitative and quantitative ratio of microelements in soil, water, air, and, consequently, a decrease in diversity and anomalies in the ratios of chemical elements in agricultural products of local production. The action of natural biological factors is manifested in changes in macrofauna, flora and microorganisms, the presence of endemic foci of diseases of the animal and plant worlds, as well as in the emergence of new allergens of natural origin.

The group of social factors also has certain properties that can affect the living conditions of a person and his state of health. So, for example, social economic forces are decisive and are conditioned by production relations. These include regulatory and legal factors (labor legislation and the practice of state and public control over its observance); socio-psychological factors that can be characterized by the employee's attitude to work, specialty and its prestige, psychological climate in the team; economic factors (material incentives, a system of benefits and compensation for work in adverse conditions). Technical and organizational factors have an impact on the creation of material and material conditions of labor (means, objects and tools of labor, technological processes, organization of production, etc.). Natural factors characterize the impact on workers of climatic, geological and biological features of the area where work takes place. In real conditions, this complex set of factors that shape working conditions is united by diverse mutual relationships. Life has an impact through housing, clothing, food, water supply, the development of the infrastructure of the service sector, the provision of recreation and the conditions for its implementation, etc. The socio-economic structure affects a person through the social and legal status, material security, level of culture and education.

The above structure of factors that shape the environment clearly shows that a change in the levels of exposure to any of the listed factors can lead to health problems.

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a whole range of environmental factors - from environmental to social. The approximate contribution of various factors to the health of the population is assessed in four positions: lifestyle, genetics (biology) of a person, the external environment and healthcare (Appendix 1). The data presented in the table show that lifestyle has the greatest impact on health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy body constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any changes in the environment, such as temperature changes, atmospheric pressure, changes in the oxygen content in the air, humidity, etc. Preservation of optimal human life when interacting with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor, and beyond the limit, this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, five main groups of factors influence human health in urban conditions: living environment, production factors, social, biological and individual lifestyle (Appendix 2).