The coefficient of full turnover of personnel shows. What is the recruitment turnover ratio

2. Coefficient of intensity of turnover on retirement -

the ratio of the number of employees who left for the period (N left) to their average list number (N average list):

To retirement \u003d H vyvyshm / H Wed List

3. Turnover rate - the ratio of the number of employees who left for the period for the above reasons related to staff turnover (Ch staff turnover) to their average list number (Ch cf list):

To turnover \u003d H staff turnover / H Avg. List

4. Replacement rate - the ratio of the difference between the number of hired (H accepted) and retired workers (H retired) to their average payroll number (H cf list):

To replacement \u003d (H accepted - H retired) / H average list

The table shows that the turnover rate is decreasing compared to the previous year. Entry and exit turnover rates are declining, indicating a trend towards worker retention. A decrease in the replacement rate means that the number of hired workers compensates for the number of those who left, that is, part of the hired workers compensates for the number of those laid off and part of the hired ones is used in new jobs. A decline in this ratio means that new hires contribute only marginally to the expansion of new jobs.

1.1.6 Analysis of the productivity of the personnel of the enterprise

Labor productivity is usually understood as its ability to produce a certain amount of products per unit of time Labor productivity can be characterized either by a direct indicator - the output per unit of working time spent, or by an inverse indicator - labor intensity - the cost of working time per unit of output

Due to the fact that the costs of working time can be expressed in the number of man-hours worked, man-days, the average payroll number of workers or all employees of the enterprise, there are indicators of average hourly, average daily output and indicators of average output per payroll worker or employee of the personnel directly related to the production of this product

The enterprise has the following indicators for calculating the average output and labor intensity (table 11).

Table 11

Calculation of average production and labor intensity

Index	Designation	previous year	Reporting	Dynamic coefficient	Absolute change
1 Output of marketable products, thousand rubles.	Q	158 534	160 058	100, 96%	1 524
2 Man-days worked by workers	T	184 177	202 333	109,86%	18 156
3 Average daily output, thousand rubles.	W	0,861	0,791	91,90%	-0,7
4 Average labor intensity of products	t	1,162	1,264	108,81%	0,102

Between the values ​​given in the table, there are the following relationships

W=1/t, Q=WxT; T=txQ

The first of these dependencies is used only to control the correctness of the calculations (0.861 x 1.16175 = 1.0; 0.791 x 1.26413 = 1.0), and with the help of the other two, economic calculations can be performed

Thus, the change in the volume of production in the reporting year compared with the previous one is explained by an increase in the cost of working time with a decrease in labor productivity.

0.7 x 202,333 = -14,104 thousand rubles,

0.861 x 18,156 = 15,627 thousand rubles

As a result of the combined influence of these factors, the volume of production increased by 1,523 thousand rubles

The change in total labor costs in the reporting year compared to the previous one was influenced by two factors: an increase in the volume of production and an increase in the labor intensity of the production of its unit

0.10238 x 160,058 = 16,386 man-days

1.162 x 1,523 = 1,770 man-days

As a result of the combined influence of these factors, total labor costs increased by 18,156 man-days.

1.2. Analysis of the financial condition of GRES-4 1.2.1. Balance sheet analysis

The system of indicators of financial results includes not only absolute, but also relative indicators of economic efficiency. These include: coefficients of financial stability, liquidity, turnover of funds, etc.

Generalized information for analysis is presented in form No. 1 "Balance sheet", in form No. 2 "Report on financial results", Form No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet". In addition, the analysis uses data on account 46 “Sales of products”, account 47 “Sales and other disposals of fixed assets”, account 48 “Sales of other assets”, account 80 “Profits and losses”.

The balance allows you to give a general assessment of changes in the entire property of the enterprise, to highlight in its composition current (mobile) and non-current (immobile) funds, the dynamics of the structure of property.

An analysis of the dynamics of the composition and structure of property makes it possible to establish the size of the absolute and relative increase or decrease in the property of the entire enterprise and its individual types.

To analyze the assets of the analyzed enterprise, an analytical table 12 is compiled.

Table 12

Analysis of the asset balance

Enterprise funds	2001		2002		Absolute change values, thousand rubles		Beat change weights, points
	Amount, thousand		Amount, thousand			Growth rate, %
A	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1.TOTAL funds	215570	100	215506	100	-64	-0,03	0,00
1.1.Outside current assets(total of section I of the asset)	181915	84,39	176780	82,03	-5135	-2,82	-2,36
1.2. Current assets (the result of section II of the asset)	33655	15,61	38725	17,97	5070	15,07	2,36
1.2.1.tangible current assets (sum of lines 211-216)	28859	85,75	31518	81,39	2659	9,21	-4,36
1.2.2.cash and short-term financial investments	2360	7,01	1465	3,78	-895	-37,93	-3,23
1.2.3 accounts receivable and other assets	2435	7,24	5742	14,83	3307	135,79	7,59

The data in the table show that the total amount of the enterprise's funds decreased by 64 thousand rubles, or by 0.03 percent. The largest share in the property structure is occupied by non-current assets - 84.39 percent at the beginning of the year and 82.03 percent at the end of the year. In the structure of current assets at the beginning of the year, the largest share (85.75 percent) is occupied by tangible current assets.

At the end of the year, there were significant changes in these groups both in absolute amount and in terms of their specific gravity.

The decrease in the value of non-current assets amounted to 5135 thousand rubles, or (-2.82 percent).

The increase in current assets amounted to 5070 thousand rubles, or 15.07 percent.

In the structure of current assets, there was an increase in the amount accounts receivable by 3307 thousand rubles, or by 135.79 percent with a simultaneous increase in its share in the structure of working capital by 7.59 points.

The value of tangible current assets increased by 2659 thousand rubles or 9.21 percent. However, their share in the structure of current assets decreased by 4.36 percent.

The amount of cash and short-term financial investments decreased by 895 thousand rubles, or by 37.93 percent.

The share of cash in the structure decreased by 3.32 points.

The result of the analysis showed that financial position GRES-4 deteriorated.

1.2.2. Analysis of the working capital of the enterprise

Given the importance of working capital, we will analyze the turnover of funds.

The duration of the turnover in days (Ofunds) is calculated by the formula:

Obsredstsv \u003d C x D / RP,

Where C is the average balance of working capital

D - duration of the period (year - 360 days, quarter - 90 days)

RP - the volume of sales of products.

The volume of product sales characterizes the amount of working capital. Adjusted revenue is taken as an indicator of sales volume, i.e. excluding value added tax and other taxes and deductions paid from revenue and deducted from it when calculating profit.

Indicators of the duration of turnover in days can be calculated for all working capital, groups of these funds, their individual types. The change in turnover in days is influenced by a number of factors, the level of influence of which must be measured. Factor analysis of turnover makes it possible to determine which elements of current assets the company can use to increase the efficiency of their use.

The change in the duration of turnover in days is influenced by the following factors: change in average balances, change in sales volume.

Initial information and calculation of factors in a generalized form are presented in the analytical table 13.

As the data in the table show, in the reporting period, in comparison with the previous one, the turnover of all current assets, except for receivables, slowed down. The main reason for the slowdown was the growth of average balances for all types of working capital, except for receivables. The change in the amount of turnover in all cases reduced the duration of the turnover. The slowdown in turnover occurred both in the sphere of production and in the sphere of consumption, however, in the sphere of circulation, the level of slowdown in turnover is much higher than in the sphere of production.

The growth in sales volume as a whole had a positive impact on the duration of turnover, however, the growth rate of sales was inadequate to the growth rate of working capital balances. If the growth rate of the volume of sales were higher than the growth rate of the average balances of working capital, then an overall reduction in the duration of the turnover of working capital would be achieved.

Table 13

Working capital analysis

Types and groups of working capital	Average balances of working capital, thousand rubles		Sales proceeds, thousand rubles		Turnover duration, days		turnaround (days)
	For previous		For the previous year		For the previous year
A	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Production stocks including IBE	11815	18785	158534	160057	26,83	42,19	15,36
Construction in progress	1893	2345	158534	16057	4,30	5,27	0,97
Future expenses	36	421	158534	16057	0,08	0,95	0,87
TOTAL in production	13746	21525	158534	16057	31,21	48,42	17,20
	13709	21103	158534	16057	31,13	47,47	16,33
Finished products	756	5428	158534	16057	1,72	12,21	10,49
Goods shipped	1835	3656	158534	16057	4,17	8,22	4,05
Accounts receivable	4094	2477	158534	16057	9,30	5,57	-3,73
Cash and other current assets	2628	3102	158534	16057	5,97	6,98	1,01
TOTAL in circulation	23025	35768	158534	16057	52,29	80,45	28,16
TOTAL working capital	36771	57294	158534	16057	83,50	128,87	15,36
Including no future expenses	36735	56872	158534	16057	83,42	127,92	44,50

Turnover growth production stocks is a factor in the growth of turnover of working capital in the production sector.

1.2.3. Analysis of fixed assets of the enterprise

Fixed assets are one of critical factors any production. Their condition and effective use directly affects the final results of the economic activity of enterprises.

The formation of market relations presupposes a competitive struggle between various commodity producers, in which those of them who most effectively use all types of available resources will be able to win.

The condition and use of fixed assets is one of the most important aspects of analytical work, since they are the material embodiment of scientific and technological progress - the main factor in increasing the efficiency of any production.

More complete and rational use of fixed assets and production capacity the enterprise contributes to the improvement of all its technical and economic indicators, the growth of labor productivity, the increase in capital productivity, the increase in output, the reduction of its cost, and the savings in capital investments.

The objectives of the analysis of the state and efficiency of the use of fixed production assets are to establish the security of the enterprise and its structural divisions fixed assets - compliance with the size, composition and technical level of funds, the need for them: finding out the implementation of the plan for their growth, renewal and disposal, studying the technical condition of fixed assets and especially their most active part - machinery and equipment. Determining the degree of use of fixed assets and the factors that influenced it; determination of the completeness of the use of the equipment fleet and its completeness, clarification of the efficiency of the use of equipment in time and in terms of power; determination of the impact of the use of fixed assets on the volume of production and other economic indicators work of the enterprise, identification of reserves for the growth of capital productivity. increasing production and profits by improving the use of fixed assets

Sources of information form No. 1 "Balance sheet of the enterprise", form No. 3 "Appendix to the balance sheet of the enterprise": form No. 5 "Appendix to the balance sheet of the enterprise": form No. 1-p (annual, monthly) "Report of the enterprise (association) on products",

When conducting an analysis of the provision of an enterprise with fixed assets, it is necessary to study whether the enterprise has enough fixed assets, what is their availability, dynamics, composition, structure, technical condition, level of production and its organization.

Fixed assets are heterogeneous, their performance of various functions and their different intended use led to the division of fixed assets into different groups. Depending on the purpose in the production and economic activities, they are divided into production and non-production. Of these groups, industrial production assets are directly connected with the production of products and therefore have the largest share.

The presence of fixed assets in the analyzed enterprise is given in the analytical tables 14 and 15.

Table 14

Availability, movement and dynamics of fixed assets

fixed assets	At the beginning of the year	Received per year	Dropped out in a year	At the end of the year		Growth rate
Industrial and production fixed assets	166 398	1 545	228	167 716	1 317	100,79
including
active part	52 540	1239	31	53 747	1 208	102,3

Table 15

Availability, composition and structure of fixed assets

OS groups and their names	For the beginning of the year		At the end of the year		Change per year
	Amount, thousand rubles	Oud,. weight, %	Amount, thousand rubles	Oud,. weight, %	Amount, thousand rubles	Oud,. weight, %
1.Buildings	93562	56,23	93562	55,79	0	-0,44
2. Structures	9391	5,64	9 391	5,6	0	0,04
3. Machinery and equipment	52540	31,57	53747	32,05	1209	0,47
4.Vehicles	10592	6,37	10720	6,39	128	0,03
5.Production and household inventory	296	0,18	267	0,16	-29	-0,02
6. Other types of OS	19	0,01	28	0,82	9	0,01
TOTAL fixed assets	166 398	100,00	167716	100,00	1317	0,00

The data in the tables show that industrial and production fixed assets increased by 1,317 thousand rubles, or 0.79%, over the year. active part at the same time, it increased more significantly - by 1,209 thousand rubles, or by 102.30%. The specific weight of the active part increased by 0.47%.

The main increase in the cost of fixed assets occurred under the influence of an increase in the cost of machinery and equipment (1,207,873 thousand rubles), Vehicle(128,547 thousand rubles) and other types of fixed assets (9,768 thousand rubles). Decrease in the cost of fixed assets occurred under the influence of a decrease in the cost of production equipment (29,070 thousand rubles).

There were no significant changes in the structure of fixed assets. The largest percentage deviations do not exceed 0.44 - 0.47% for buildings and machinery and equipment. Data on the degree of renewal, disposal, growth, depreciation and suitability of fixed assets of the enterprise as a whole and their active part are given in analytical table 16.

Table 16

Analysis of the degree of renewal, disposal and growth of fixed assets

Odds	Formula	Coefficient level
1 Updates to fixed assets	Fpost/Fkg	00092
2 Updates of the active part of fixed assets	F A post / F A c.g.	00231
3 Disposals of property, plant and equipment	Fvy/Fn.y.	0,0014
4 Disposals of the active part of property, plant and equipment	F A sel./Fn.y.	0.0006
5 Increase in fixed assets	fgrowth/F n.g.	0,0079
6 Increase in the active part of fixed assets	F growth/Fn.y.	0,0230
7 Depreciation of fixed assets (at the beginning of the year)	Fitness/Fperv	0,1048
9 Depreciation of fixed assets (at the end of the year)	Σ wear/fperv	0,1516
8 Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets (at the beginning of the year)	Σ wear/F first	0,2537
10 Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets (at the end of the year)	Σ A wear / F A primary	0,3666
11 Validity of fixed assets (at the beginning of the year)	Fostat/Fperv	0,8952
12 Validity of fixed assets (at the end of the year)	Fostat/Fperv	0,8484
13 Validity of the active part of fixed assets (at the beginning of the year)	F A rest / F first	0,7463
14 Validity of the active part of fixed assets (at the end of the year)	F remainder / F first	0,6334
15 Rate of increase in the value of fixed assets	(Fpr-Fvyb)/UFng	0,0065
16 Rate of increase in the value of the active part of fixed assets	(F A pr-F A vyb) / F A ng	0,0224

According to the table, it can be seen that the active part of fixed assets - machinery and equipment, has the highest renewal rate, which is associated with the need to constantly maintain the stable operation of complex hardware technological processes. Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets is also significantly higher than that of fixed assets as a whole. Accordingly, its validity is lower both at the beginning and at the end of the year.

The rate of increase in the value of fixed assets shows what share of the value of received fixed assets is directed to cover their retirement. Thus, we can conclude that only 0.65% of all received fixed assets go to cover their retirement, while for the active part this figure is 2.24%.

2.2.4. Profitability analysis

The return on equity allows you to determine the effectiveness of the use of investment by the owners of funds in the enterprise and compare it with the possible income from investing funds for other purposes.

Return on equity, calculated according to net profit, shows how many kopecks of net profit "earned" each ruble of own funds.

Data for the analysis of profitability of investments are given in forms No. 1, No. 2 and No. 5 financial statements. They are presented in the analytical table 17.

The data in the table show that the profitability indicators of all funds and operating funds, calculated on the total amount of profit and profit from the sale of products, decreased by 24.76 percent and 25.16 percent, respectively, compared with the previous year. This is due to the fact that the growth rate of all assets of the enterprise (157.83 percent), including those operating (77.19 percent), is higher than the rate of decline in the total amount of profit (-40.06 percent) and profit from sales of products (-34. 84 percent).

Moreover, the growth rate of all funds of the enterprise is lower by 18.14 percent of the increase in own funds, which indicates a decrease in the share of borrowed funds.

The profitability of own funds for the reporting period has significantly decreased, which is associated with a decrease in the magnitude of the increase in profit from the sale of products, balance sheet and net.

Table 17 Indicators of return on investment

Indicators	2001	2002 on	Changes in absolute value	Growth rate
A	1	2	3	4
1. Balance sheet profit, thousand rubles	26963	16161	-10161	-40,06
2. Net profit, thousand rubles.	14047	10018	-4029	-28,68
3. Profit from sales, thousand rubles.	28139	18335	-9804	-34,84
4. Income from securities and investments, thousand rubles.	4154	3480	-674	-16,22
5. The average annual cost of all funds, thousand rubles.	83595	215538	131942	157,83
6. Average annual cost of own funds, thousand rubles.	74109	204522	130413	175,97
7. Average annual cost of financial investments, thousand rubles.	0	0	0	X
8. Average annual cost of construction in progress, thousand rubles.	0	67414	67414	X
9. The average annual amount of the active part of own funds (line 5 - line 7 - line 8), thousand rubles.	83595	148124	64528	X
10. Profitability of all funds, in%
10.1. Cr1 (str1/str5)	32,25	7,50	-24,76
10.2. Cr2 (str2/str5)	16,80	4,65	-12,16
10.3. Cr3 (str3/str5)	33,66	8,51	-25,16
11. Return on equity, %
11.1. Cr4 (str1/str6)	36,38	7,90	-28,48
11.2. Cr5 (str2/str6)	18,96	4,90	-14,06
11.3. Kr6 (str3/str6)	37,97	8,97	-29,01
12. Profitability of the active part of own funds,% (Кр7= str3/str9)	33,66	12,38	-21,28

It should be noted that operating funds had the highest profitability in the reporting year (12.38 percent), which indicates the effectiveness of the use of funds in circulation.

Let's carry out a factorial analysis of the profitability of all investments - the Kr2 indicator.

The change in the level of profitability of investments may be affected by changes in the profitability of sales and asset turnover. The reciprocity of the profitability of investments with the profitability of products and the turnover of assets is expressed by the formula:

Kp2 \u003d P (r) / B \u003d P (r) / Q / B,

where Р(r) – net profit,

B - the average annual value of the assets of the enterprise,

Q is known.

The method of chain substitutions or the method of absolute differences is used, it is possible to determine the degree of influence of factors on the profitability of investments: profitability of sales and asset turnover.

The data for the calculation are given in table 18.

Table 18

Data for calculating indicators and factors

return on investment

Indicators	designate	year 2001	2002	Changes
A	B	1	2	3
1. Net profit, thousand rubles.	P(r)	14047	10018	-4029
2. The volume of products sold, thousand rubles.	Q	158534	160057	1523
3. The average annual amount of all funds, thousand rubles.	IN	83595	215538	131942
4. Profitability from sold products,%	K(Q)	8,86	6,26	-2,60
5. Turnover of all funds of the enterprise, days	ABOUT	1,8	0,7	-1,1
6. Return on investment,%	Cr2	16,80	4,65	-12,16

According to the table, the return on investment decreased by 12.16 percent. This happened as a result of the following factors:

1. Decreasing the amount of net profit by 1 ruble of sold products.

ΔКр2 = (К1(Q) – К0(Q)) x О0.

ΔKr2 = -2.60% x 1.8 = -4.93%.

2.Slowing down the turnover of all funds of the enterprise.

ΔKr2 = (O1 - O0) x K1(Q).

ΔKr2 = -1.1 x 6.26 = -7.23%.

The results obtained are summarized in Table 19.

Table 19

Summary table of results factor analysis

return on investment

2.2.5. Analysis of financial stability and solvency of GRES-4

An enterprise is considered solvent if its total assets are greater than its long-term and short-term liabilities. A company is liquid if its current assets are greater than its current liabilities.

An analysis of the solvency and liquidity of an enterprise is carried out by comparing the funds for an asset, grouped by the degree of their liquidity and arranged in descending order of liquidity, with liabilities for liabilities, grouped by their maturity and arranged in ascending order of terms. Essentially, the liquidity of an enterprise means the liquidity of its balance sheet.

Depending on the degree of liquidity, that is, the rate of rotation into cash, the assets of the enterprise are divided into the following groups:

1. The most liquid assets. These include all items of the company's cash and short-term financial investments (securities) from the II section of the asset balance "Current assets".

2. Marketable assets - accounts receivable and other assets are taken from section II of the balance sheet asset. If during the internal analysis immobilization is detected by items of debtors and other assets, the total of fast-moving assets is reduced by its amount:

3. Slowly realizable assets. These include articles from the II section of the balance sheet asset: “Inventories of raw materials, materials, IBE, finished products, goods and costs in work in progress”, as well as the participants’ debt on contributions to the authorized capital, and the article “Long-term financial investments” from section I of the asset "Fixed assets":

A3 = Z + F(T) + R(T),

Where F(T) - long-term financial investments,

R(T) - debt of participants on contributions and authorized capital.

4. Hard-to-sell assets - articles I of the asset section "Non-current assets", with the exception of the article of this section, included in the previous group:

A4 \u003d F - F (T).

Liabilities of the balance are grouped according to the degree of urgency of their payment.

1. The most urgent obligations. These include accounts payable, settlements on dividends and other short-term liabilities from section V of the liabilities side of the balance sheet “Short-term liabilities”:

2. Short-term liabilities - short-term loans and borrowings from the V section of the balance sheet liabilities:

3.Long-term liabilities - long-term loans and borrowings from Section IV "Long-term liabilities".

4.Permanent liabilities - Articles IV of the liability section of the balance sheet "Capital and reserves".

To maintain the balance of assets and liabilities, the total of this group is reduced by the amount under the item "Deferred expenses". The following articles are added to the result of this group: “Deferred income (D)”, “Consumption funds” (F), “Reserves for future expenses and payments” (P).

P4 \u003d I (s) - S (f) + D + F + P (P).

The balance is considered absolutely liquid if the following ratios take place:

A1 ≥ P1, A2 ≥ P2, A3 ≥ P3, P4 ≥ A4.

To analyze the liquidity of the balance sheet of the enterprise for the reporting year, an analytical table 20 is compiled.

Table 20

Liquidity analysis of the balance sheet of GRES-4 for 2002

ASSETS	At the beginning of the period	At the end of the period	LIABILITY	At the beginning of the period	At the end of the period	Payment Flaw
						At the beginning of the period	End of period
A	1	2	B	3	4	5	6
1. The most liquid assets A1, thousand rubles.	2360	1465	1. The most urgent obligations P1, thousand rubles.	11931	7770	-9571	-6305
2. Quickly realizable assets A2, thousand rubles.	2369	4963	2. Short-term liabilities P2, thousand rubles.	0	1336	2369	3597
3. Slowly realizable assets A3, thousand rubles.	28859	31518	3.Long and medium-term liabilities P3, thousand rubles.	440	240	28419	31278
4. Hard-to-sell assets A4, thousand rubles.	181915	176780	4.Permanent liabilities P4, thousand rubles.	203133	205350	- 21218	- 28570

The data in the table show that in the reporting period there is a payment deficit of the most liquid assets (A1) of cash and short-term financial investments in the amount of 9571 thousand rubles at the beginning of the year and 6305 thousand rubles at the end of the year. The surplus of the asset groups A2 and A3 significantly exceeds the deficit of the A4 group. However, the company's balance sheet is not absolutely liquid, and in order to analyze the degree of its liquidity, an analysis of liquidity indicators should be carried out.

When calculating the first indicator - the absolute liquidity ratio - only cash on hand, in bank accounts, as well as securities that can be sold on the stock exchange are taken as liquid funds (the numerator of the fraction). The denominator is short-term liabilities.

KAL \u003d d / (K (t) + r (p)).

Its value is recognized as theoretically sufficient if it reaches 0.2 - 0.25.

The second indicator - the coefficient of evaluation or urgency - differs from the first one in that in the numerator, to the previously given amount, the amounts of short-term receivables that are actually receivable are added. Calculation formula:

K2 = (d + r(A)) / (K(t) + r(p)).

Theoretically justified estimates of this coefficient lie in the range of 0.7-0.8.

The third indicator of liquidity - the coverage ratio or current liquidity - the numerator also contains the cost of inventories, which, if necessary, can be converted into cash by selling. However, this is already a less liquid "article compared to the previous ones, since it will take a certain time to sell the reserves. The formula for calculating the coverage ratio (CR):

KP \u003d (d + r (A) + Z) / (K (t) + r (p)) \u003d R (A) / (K (t) + r (P)).

In the world practice of market relations, it is recognized that in order to ensure a minimum investment guarantee, for every ruble of short-term debts, there are two rubles of working capital. Therefore, the optimal ratio is 1:2.

Analysis of liquidity indicators is given in the analytical table 21.

Table 21

Analysis of GRES-4 liquidity indicators

Balance sheet items and liquidity ratios	Normal values	2001	2002	Changes
A	1	2	3	4
1.Cashier, thousand rubles		45	62	17
2. Settlement accounts, thousand rubles.		2141	1086	-1055
3. Currency accounts, thousand rubles.		173	316	142
4.Other cash, thousand rubles.		0	0	0
5. Short-term financial investments, thousand rubles.		0	0	0
		2360	1465	-895
7. Accounts receivable, thousand rubles.		1353	3601	2248
8.Other negotiable debts, thousand rubles.		1016	1362	345
		4730	6428	1698
10. Reserves and costs (net of deferred expenses), thousand rubles.		28859	31518	2658
		33589	37947	4357
12. Short-term credits and loans, thousand rubles.		0	1366	1366
13. Accounts payable, thousand rubles.		11931	7770	-4160
14. Dividend calculations		0	0	0
15.Other short-term liabilities, thousand rubles.		0	0	0
		11931	9137	-2794
17. Absolute liquidity ratio (line 6/line 16)	0,2-0,25	0,1978	0,1603	-0,0375
18. Liquidity ratio (line 9/line 16)	0,7-0,8	0,3965	0,7036	0,3071
19.Current liquidity ratio (coverage) (line 11/line 16).	2	2,8152	4,1531	1,3379

The absolute liquidity ratio in 2001 did not exceed the lower limit of the threshold indicator by 0.0022 points, and in 2002 it not only did not increase, but decreased by 0.0375 points. This is due to the fact that the rate of decline in the amount of short-term liabilities (line 16) (-2794/11931 = -23.42%) was lower than the rate of decline in the value of cash and securities (line 6) (-895/2360 = 37, 93%), which ensured the decrease in the indicator.

The data in the table show that the company is in an unstable financial condition. To determine the nature of the financial stability of the enterprise, consider table 22.

Table 22.

Indicators for determining the nature of financial stability for 2002

Indicators	Balance line code	Value, thousand rubles
		At the beginning of the period	At the end of the period
1. Sources of own funds (Capital and reserves)	490	203199	205845
2. Non-current assets	190	181915	176781
3. Availability of own working capital (p.1-p.2)		21284	29064
4.Long-term borrowings	510	440	420
5. Availability of own and long-term borrowed working capital (p. 3 + p. 4)		21724	29304
6.Short-term borrowings	610	-	1366
7. The total value of sources of reserves formation (cf. 5 + p. 6)		21724	30670
8.Stocks and VAT		28925	32297
9. Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of own working capital (p. 3- p. 8)		-7641	-3233
10. Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of own and long-term borrowed working capital (p. 5 - p. 8)		-7201	-2993
11. Surplus (+) or shortage (-) of the total value of sources of reserves formation (own, long-term and short-term borrowed sources) (p. 7 - p. 8)		-7201	-1627
Type of financial situation		crisis	crisis

2.6. Analysis of return on assets

Return on assets is the most important generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets. Formula for calculating return on assets:

where H is the level of capital productivity;

Q - the volume of production in monetary terms;

F is the average annual cost of fixed assets.

The rate of return on assets shows how many products are produced per unit cost of fixed capital.

The return on assets of all fixed assets depends on the return of the active part and its share in the total value of fixed capital.

For the enterprise, for the analysis of capital productivity, there are data presented in the analytical table 23.

Table 23

Calculation of return on assets

	Previous	Reporting	Change
Index			absolute	%
1. Sales proceeds	158 534	160058	1 524	0,96
2. Average annual cost of fixed assets	58617	145 622	87 005	148,43
2.1. including the active part	20 440	53 144	32 704	160,00
3. Return on assets (p. 1 / p. 2) -	2,7046	1,0991	-1,6054	-59,36
4. Return on assets of the active part	7,7561	3,0118	-4,7444	-61,17

The data in the table show that the return on assets decreased by 1.6054 points, or by 59.36%. The return on assets of the active part of fixed assets decreased more significantly - by 4.7444 points, or by 61.17%.

CHAPTER 2. MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STD IN ENERGY 2.1. Characteristics and structure of JSC MOSENERGO

MOSENERGO, an open joint-stock company for energy and electrification, has authorized capital at 25.6 billion rubles. According to the property agreement, JSC MOSENERGO occupies the 16th place in the Russian Federation among all joint-stock companies. JSC MOSENERGO fully supplies electricity to the Moscow region with a population of about 16 million people, generating more than 8% of the total Russian electricity generation.

The energy potential of JSC MOSENERGO is 14.8 million kW of electric power and 40.8 million kW (35.1 thousand Gcal/h) of thermal power. MOSENERGO generates about 14% of the total Russian thermal energy. In terms of thermal power, this enterprise has no equal in the world.

The structure of JSC MOSENERGO is shown in Figure 5

The Moscow region is now on the rise, as evidenced by the growth of industrial electricity consumption, which in 2001 amounted to 3.7%, and the growth of heat consumption in steam by 3.8% - in the first after the August 1998 crisis.

Starting from the second quarter of 1999, JSC MOSENERGO has been increasing the generation of electrical energy throughout the entire period and reached its increase by 4.0% by the end of 2001 in order to meet the growing demand of its own consumers for energy.

JSC MOSENERGO is one of the few energy systems that continue energy construction and technical re-equipment in difficult economic conditions. Commissioning of new capacities at MOSENERGO did not stop even in the most critical years. Thanks to

Fig.5 Structure of JSC MOSENERGO

In this way, they were able to achieve a complete balance in covering their own electrical loads and transfer part of the energy to neighboring regions.

MOSENERGO's main sources of development are its own funds joint stock company Therefore, it is becoming increasingly important to improve the tariffs for electricity and heat energy.

The main goal of JSC MOSENERGO is to ensure sufficient profitability and self-financing of the energy system through economically justified tariffs, which will make it possible to launch an investment program to upgrade and increase the efficiency of generating equipment, and this, in turn, will lead to a reduction in the cost of energy production.

The market puts forward strict requirements. The criteria for evaluating all actions should be profitability, efficiency of investments, their fastest payback. Today, the power industry of all developed countries with a market economy lives according to such laws. MOSENERGO builds its plans and current activities in the same vein. In this they are helped by the experience of France, Germany, the USA, Spain and other countries with which close business contacts have been established.

JSC MOSENERGO offers every effort to fulfill its obligations to both shareholders and creditors. AO MOSENERGO made timely payments of income on its Eurobonds in April and October 2001. In order to reduce the severity of foreign exchange liabilities, the company has redeemed and redeemed part of the Eurobonds.

MOSENERGO shares continue to be among the more liquid shares in the Russian Trading System (RTS), the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange and the Moscow Stock Exchange.

The main result of the past year is that in difficult economic conditions, reliable energy supply to consumers was ensured, viability and profitability were maintained, and the Company's production potential was increased.

JSC MOSENERGO is the largest of 74 regional energy supply companies of the Russian Federation and as a subsidiary joint-stock company is part of RAO "UES of Russia". The energy system of the Company is a technologically integral part of the Unified Energy System of Russia.

The main activities of the Company are the production, distribution and sale of electrical and thermal energy.

JSC MOSENERGO is a vertically integrated company operating on the principles of self-financing according to a single business plan and interacting with other economic entities on a contractual basis.

The power system is a complex of power plants, power lines, transformer substations, heating networks, pumping stations, combined for parallel operation, connected by a common mode of operation, having a common power reserve and centralized operational dispatch control.

In 2001, MOSENERGO continued to provide reliable and uninterrupted power supply to consumers. JSC MOSENERGO operated as a redundant energy system and provided electricity not only to its own consumers (consumers of the Moscow region), but also transferred to the Federal Wholesale Electricity and Capacity Market 83.2% of the volume of the previous year,

Since no energy system is able to fully pay for the electricity supplied to it, they seek to reduce the unpaid flow of electricity to other regions, while part of the supplied electricity is paid by mutual offset against the debt of JSC MOSENERGO to RAO "UES of Russia" for the subscription fee.

For the first time since the August crisis of 1998, an increase in industrial electricity consumption was recorded, mainly due to an increase in production at enterprises in the Moscow Region, where an increase in consumption was observed in such energy-intensive industries as ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy energy and transport engineering, building materials industry, chemical , woodworking and light industry.

JSC MOSENERGO is the main supplier of heat energy to consumers in the Moscow region: Moscow consumers receive 94.8% of heat, regional consumers - 5.2%. The sale of electric and thermal energy to consumers is carried out on the basis of powers of attorney issued to them by the following branches: Energosbyt (sale of electric energy), Thermal networks (sale of thermal energy in Moscow), State District Power Plant -3,4,5, CHPP - 17, 27, ZGAES (sale of thermal energy in the Moscow region).

Relations with consumers of electrical and thermal energy are built in accordance with the current legislative and regulatory acts on the basis of the conclusion of energy supply contracts. In 2001, consumers paid for energy in cash, securities, as well as through offsets.

The economic activity of JSC MOSENERGO is characterized by the following indicators (Table 24):

Table 24

Key performance indicators

	1999	2000	2001
Installed electric power MW	14797,0	14843,8	14909,8
Own power consumption MW	8846,9	9126,0	9566,3
Power transmission to the wholesale market MW	780,0	790,0	611,0
Electricity generation billion kWh	64,2	65,0	68,9
Useful electricity supply bln kWh	50,3	50,6	52,2
Electricity transmission to the wholesale market bln kWh	1,9	1,6	1,5
Installed thermal power Gcal/h	34826,6	35085,5	34814,8
Heat supply from collectors mln Gcal	78,2	72,0	69,9
Number of employees people	50034	50206	48424

It can be seen from the above figures that the use of installed capacity does not exceed 64%.

Energy sales activity in JSC MOS-ENERGO is built on the basis of normative documents, orders, directives and guidelines of RAO "UES of Russia".

In general, the level of energy sales in 2001 increased by 9.5 points compared to the previous year (in 1999, 99.6% of the supplied energy was sold). The level of sales of thermal energy increased by 15.4 points, electricity for own consumers - by 7.1 points, and electricity sales on FOREM decreased by 9.4 points. With a decrease general level sales of energy on FOREM in 2001 to 79.8% (1999 - 89.2%), it is necessary to note the positive dynamics in the calculations on FOREM, which developed in the 4th quarter. The level of electricity sales on FOREM in the 4th quarter amounted to 148.9%. The volume of sales of energy supplied to FOREM in the 4th quarter of 2001 increased by 47.3 million rubles, or 68.9 points, as compared to 1999.

The increase in the level of sales in comparison with 1999 is due to a significant increase in work with consumers to pay for the supplied energy and to reduce debt. In addition, during 2001, 2.5 billion rubles (including VAT) were allocated from the federal budget to pay off the debt for electricity and heat energy consumed by budgetary organizations of federal subordination from JSC MOSENERGO, including 2.0 billion rubles for electricity billion rubles, for heat energy - 0.5 billion rubles.

The Company's accounts receivable, including long-term debt, decreased during 2001 from 20.1 to 16.7 billion rubles. Its main part - the debt of consumers of electric and thermal energy - was reduced during the year from 17.3 billion rubles to 14.2 billion rubles.

The decrease in debt is due to a reduction in the debts of consumers financed from the federal budget, a decrease in the debt of city organizations, as well as wholesale consumers-resellers.

Financial activities JSC MOSENERGO is characterized by the following indicators (Tables 25,26,27.)

Table 25

Main financial and economic indicators, million rubles

	1999	2000	2001
Revenue from the sale of products, works, services (for payment)	19587,0	22439,7	33167,9
Profit from the sale of products, works, services (“on payment”)	3566,1	3634,9	5,665,5
Investment in means of production	3360,0	3386,7	3111,7
Depreciation deductions	2168,0	2128,0	2380,3
Balance total	70464,2	74670,5	73731,9
Equity	52180,0	53623	54204,9
Authorized capital	25600,0	25600,0	28267,7

Table 26 Profit and loss statement, thousand rubles.

Name of indicator	2001 by shipment	2001 on payment	2000 by shipment	2000 on payment
I. Income and expenses from ordinary activities
Proceeds from the sale of goods, products, works, services (excluding VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments)	43 459 335	46 221 182	30 449 381	33 167851
Cost of sold goods, products, works, services	34 685 429	37 139 018	25 101 391	27 462 854
Gross profit	8 773 906	9 082 164	5 397 990	5 704 997
Selling expenses	44 540	44 552	38 512	38550
Management expenses			0	0
Revenue from sales	8 729 366	9 037 642	5 359 478	5 666 447
non-operating expenses	3 646 773	3 646 773	2 490 265	2 490 265
Profit before tax	4 090 884	4 399 107	2 478 659	2 788 320
Income tax and other similar obligatory payments	2 017 984	2 017 984	1 691 379	1 691 379
Profit from ordinary activities	2 072 900	2 381 123	787 280	1 096 941
Net profit	2 067 573	2 375 796	787 148	1 096 809

Structure of debtors and creditors

Accounts receivable as of 01.01.2002 USD 347.16 million

Accounts payable as of 01.01.2002 USD 88.29 million

Table 27 Dynamics of indicators

	1996	1997	1998	1999	2001
Equity level, %	78,9	76,0	74,3	73,0	74,7
The ratio of borrowed funds to equity, %	26,4	30,5	34,5	37,0	33,9
Coverage ratio, %	1,51	1,63	1,72	1,67	1,78
Return on sales, %	28,0	20,6	18,2	16,2	17,1
Assets, RUB per share	2,1	2,3	2,8	2,9	2,6
Net assets, RUB per share	1,6	1,7	2,2	2,0	1,9
Profitability of fixed assets	27,44	18,37	12,65	9,26	11,83

Over the past year, there was practically no increase in the property status of the Company (balance sheet currency). Non-current assets as of January 1, 2002 amounted to 50,780 million rubles, of which fixed assets at a residual value - 45,877 million rubles, capital construction in progress - 4,720 million rubles. If we compare the structure of assets as of 01.01.2002 with the data as of 01.01.2001, one can detect significant changes in the structure of various groups of assets.

The share of non-current assets increased from 65.6% to 68.7%, mainly due to the acquisition of the property complex and GRES-5 from RAO UES of Russia for the amount of 1,835 million rubles.

The share of accounts receivable decreased significantly - from 27.4% to 22.7%. This positive trend was achieved thanks to the active work of MOSENERGO's services with consumers to collect receivables.

The share of cash in the balance structure more than doubled - from 0.7% to 1.5%. This can be assessed as a positive fact, demonstrating the growth of the Company's short-term liquidity.

Analyzing changes in the structure of the Company's liabilities over the past year, it is necessary to note the growth in the share own sources from 70.0% to 73.5%, caused by the acquisition from RAO "UES of Russia" of fixed assets and other property and GRES-5.

It should also be noted a significant decrease in the share of accounts payable - from 21.2% to 17.1%, due to the reduction of accounts receivable and the allocation of funds for payments to creditors.

The financial indicators of JSC MOSENERGO, calculated according to the financial statements in dynamics for 5 years, testify to its stable and profitable work.

The relatively small range of fluctuations in analytical ratios underscores that the Company did not experience any major shocks. When comparing the indicators of 2001 and 2001, we observe an increase in the indicator "Level of Equity Capital", which indicates the increased financial independence of JSC MOSENERGO in the long term.

The growth of such indicators as "Difference between current assets and current liabilities" and "Coverage ratio" indicates the increased ability of the Company to repay its short-term obligations and, accordingly, its financial independence in the short term.

The increase in profitability indicators indicates the increased effectiveness of our Joint Stock Company's work in obtaining profit and efficient use of its fixed capital.

2.2. Ways to reduce the cost of electricity production

Most of the innovative programs that are implemented in last years, include R&D, the results of which are new equipment and technologies created specifically for the working conditions of JSC MOSENERGO and ensuring high efficiency of its work and a modern technical level to further reduce the cost of electricity and heat.

In modern conditions, such an organization of the innovation process is of particular importance, since the market for new equipment and advanced technologies for the energy industry is represented mainly by the products of foreign companies with a high level of prices, and the domestic industry today cannot satisfy our requests either in terms of assortment or in terms of equipment quality

In 2001, the main areas of work, as in previous years, were the creation and introduction of new types of equipment and instruments, the improvement of technological processes and energy-saving technologies, the development of modern simulators, the protection of air and water basins, and the improvement of economic and dispatch control systems.

A set of measures was completed to master a new type of generating equipment for JSC MOSENERGO, high-capacity gas turbine and combined-cycle plants, design work continued to create a domestic GT-25U gas turbine plant, the prototype of which will be installed at the GTU-CHP in Elektrostal.

The gas turbine GTE-150 at GRES-3 was brought up to design parameters, as a result of which, for the first time in the practice of domestic power gas turbine construction, an initial gas temperature of 1100 ° C was reached,

On the unique automatic control system for the turbine and boiler "Kvint" at CHPP-27, developed by domestic specialists, the a new version PTK "KVINT" using modern software and hardware. In the same place, at Unit No. 1, separate logic automata were developed, tested and put into operation, a number of technological algorithms were developed, the ACS of peripheral facilities was integrated into the ACS system of the CHPP based on the PTK "KVINT"

A fundamentally new design of the ORASH-600 clarifier with active sludge recirculation, which ensures a high degree of water demineralization, was introduced into trial operation at CHPP-22. This will reduce the cost of purchasing ion exchangers for the water treatment plant.

The development of technological schemes for the use of frequency-controlled drives for the cost-effective regulation of powerful pumps and fans in the conditions of JSC MOSENERGO continued. 8 Allen Bradley variable frequency drives were installed, adjusted and put into operation, optimally adapted to Russian standards (four drives each at CHPP-25, CHPP-26) and providing annual savings of electric energy in the amount of 7.6 million kW -h. Start-up and adjustment works were completed and acceptance tests of the first heat pump unit (HPU) NT-410 at TPP-28 in MOSENERGO JSC were completed. When waste heat is supplied to the HPI inlet from the turbine condenser with a temperature of 25-28°C, the temperature rises to 45-50°C at the HPI outlet. The test results confirm the fundamental possibility of further large-scale use of heat pump installations in order to save energy resources through the additional use of low potential heat. Work was carried out to introduce mathematical and software support for simulators for hot water boilers PTVM-180 and KVGM-180 and chemical water treatment. An all-mode logical-dynamic model of the TP-87 boiler simulator at CHPP-22 and the complex simulator of the T-250 CHPP-26 unit, an analog model of the simulator for the electrical part of the stations (TVF-320 generator at CHPP-26), an automated training system for the repair and operation of switching devices have been developed. . In electrical networks, the introduction and development of highly reliable and ultra-safe small-sized concrete package transformer substations (BKTPM-10/0.4 kV) continued.

Among other major developments of JSC MOSENERGO:

Anti-resonance transformer NAMI-220, which allows eliminating damage to 220 kV transformers, simplifying relay protection circuits and significantly reducing the cost of its operation. It has been introduced into trial operation in the Western Electric Networks;

A unified series of microcircuits and modules for automated systems for commercial accounting of electricity consumption, samples of which were transferred to the plant of electrical measuring instruments for the creation of an experimental batch of meters;

High-frequency posts of the PVZL-1 type for differential protection and devices of the UTKZ type for determining the values ​​of short-circuit currents. They are implemented in almost all electrical networks;

Improving the means of telemechanics, dispatch control and communication. Our Company pays a significant place in scientific and technical developments to local projects that allow us to increase the efficiency of operation of existing equipment at individual power system facilities.

New filter materials - porous anthracite and resin of the "monosphere" type - were introduced at the block-desalination unit of blocks T-250 No. 8 and 9 of CHPP-21. The use of these materials reduces the number of flushes and the discharge of harmful effluents.

At CHPP-22, an electrostatic precipitator monitoring system based on EPIK equipment was introduced, which ensures the optimal operation of electrostatic precipitators for ash capture. Similarly, at CHPP-27, the DeNOx flue gas treatment plant control system based on the equipment of the KVINT PTC was introduced, which ensures a stable optimal operating mode of the plant.

At HPP-1 and CHPP-9, excitation systems were introduced and mastered, respectively, of the SVBD type - on TG No. 30 and thyristor - on TG No. 7.

At HPP-1, CHPP-11, as well as in the Oktyabrsky, Vostochnaya and Yuzhnye power grids, devices for monitoring linear bushings under voltage of 110-220 kV of the Alfa-L type, developed and manufactured at SKTB VKT, were introduced.

At CHPP-20, 23, 27, software and hardware complexes for diagnostic tools for turbogenerators were introduced.

In 2001, given the current financial situation, priority was given to projects that reduce the cost of the energy system and aimed at improving the reliability of energy supply.

In 2001, JSC MOSENERGO paid priority attention to innovative projects, allowing to reduce the costs of the power system and aimed at improving the reliability of power supply:

Creation and introduction of new types of equipment, devices.

Improvement of technological processes and energy-saving technologies.

Improvement of systems of economic, economic and dispatching management. Improvement of means of telemechanics, communication. Protection of air and water basins.

The development of a new type of generating equipment for high-capacity gas turbine and steam-gas plants continues. Design, engineering and technological work on the creation of a domestic gas turbine unit GTE-25U has been completed, JSC TMZ is manufacturing a prototype that will be installed at the GTU-CHPP in the city of Elektrostal.

Work continued to bring the GTE-150 gas turbine at GRES-3 up to design parameters - pilot operation modes were worked out and a set of scientific and technical measures was taken to eliminate vibration of the turbine rotor.

For a number of years, JSC MOSENERGO has been working on the development of the software and hardware complex of the PTK KVINT. In 2001, unit No. 1 of CHPP-27 put into operation logic automata for controlling the gas-air path, setting a vacuum, starting and stopping the unit, warming up the turbine, purging and pressure testing the gas pipeline.

A significant contribution to the improvement of the operation of MOSENERGO JSC equipment is made by scientific developments carried out by the Moscow Technical University (MPEI):

At CHPP-8 in 2001, measures were taken to increase the productivity of the evaporator plant - a WTP scheme for preparing evaporator feed water was developed and installed, and technological tests were carried out. The installation will save tap water by utilizing boiler blowdown water and reduce internal losses of steam and condensate. In 2002, it is planned to reconstruct the unit to achieve its design capacity of 70-80 t/h.

Technical proposals have been developed for the use of industrial heat pump installations for the purpose of utilizing low-grade heat of return network water and cooling systems for condensers of steam turbines of power plants.

In 2001, JSC "TOSPO" began to study options for connecting HPPs to the heat supply system of CHPP-23, substantiating the effectiveness of various technical means for the utilization of "waste" heat and the choice of the HPP compressor drive in the industrial area of ​​CHPP-23. In 2002 this work will be continued.

A software package for operational analysis and cyclic forecasting of the components of the power and electricity balance of MOSENERGO JSC was introduced, which is used for operational correction and optimal maintenance of modes in the FOREM structure. About 20 software complexes and modules are integrated into the single Energostat software system, which has no analogues in Russia.

A portable set of equipment for locating faults in 6-10 kV cables by the induction method has been developed, manufactured prototype, its acceptance tests and trial operation at the branches were carried out. In 2002, at the request of the branches, it is planned to produce an experimental batch of equipment. Almost 14 km of 10-20 kV polyethylene-insulated cable have been introduced and put into operation at the MCS, new telemechanics devices for 6-10 kV networks and a new control room with a projection-type control panel have been put into trial operation.

In the Oktyabrsky, Mozhaisk, Noginsk, Kolomna, Kashirsky and Dmitrovsky electrical networks, about 27 km of insulated 0.4 kV wires of domestic production were introduced.

The developments introduced in 2001 are aimed at reducing and controlling harmful effluents and emissions:

At CHPP-8, 17, 21 cavitation neutralization technology was introduced Wastewater CWT and automatic control systems using a cavitation reactor-neutralizer. In addition to reducing harmful effluents, this makes it possible to obtain significant savings in reagents, eliminate the cost of rubberizing pipelines, as a result of which the savings will amount to an average of 0.6 million rubles per year per CHPP.

At CHPP-26, in order to reduce harmful effluents, a technology was introduced to prepare effluents for return to underground horizons.

At TsRMZ to reduce harmful gas-air emissions from industrial premises a bioabsorption treatment plant was introduced.

At CHPP-22, the use of instruments with automatic signal output to determine the content of combustible substances in the carry-over began.

Implemented:

Microprocessor protection company ABB "Relay-Cheboksary" - at CHPP-20 and 27, in the Oktyabrsky and Western electrical networks.

110 kV SF6 tank circuit breakers at CHPP-20, in Oktyabrsky and Yuzhnye electrical networks.

Vacuum circuit breakers "Tavrida-Electric" in the Mozhaisk electrical networks and in the ISS.

Automated workstations (AWS) for the head of the TAI workshop - at CHPP-16 and the head of the relay protection and automation service - in electrical networks.

Software complex of tasks "Analysis of accidents in the power system".

The system of commercial metering of heat and gas based on the ASUT-600 complex at CHPP-12 and the system of automated commercial metering of electricity - at CHPP-23.

250 automated systems for accounting for electricity consumption in the domestic sector - in Energosbyt.

At CHPP-21, 23, 24, 25, 26, the modes of unloading units T-250/300-240 and K-300-240 at sliding pressure along the entire steam-water path have been mastered. The cost-effectiveness of introducing such modes is estimated at 150 tce per year per unit.

At cooling tower No. 4 of CHPP-8, water-sprinkling devices of a spherical-toothed type were introduced, which improve the cooling of circulating water, as a result of which the vacuum on the turbines deepens. Expected fuel savings are 500 toe per year.

At CHPP-26, a new ball packing RVP-98 was introduced at the boiler of block No. 7, which will allow the plant to save about 1.0 million rubles per year.

At the boiler units of GRES-3, 4, CHPP-12, 21, 26, oil-fired steam-mechanical nozzles of the Edipol type were introduced, which provide better atomization of liquid fuel. Along with increasing the efficiency of fuel oil combustion, they make it possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides in flue gases by 15%.

At cooling tower No. 4 of CHPP-8, dehumidifiers manufactured by Composite were introduced, which allow capturing 99.98% of moisture, thereby saving water and reducing its emissions into the atmosphere.

Among the cost-effective developments, the following can be distinguished:

Four Allen Bradley variable frequency drives (VFD), optimally adapted to Russian standards, high-tech, computer-controlled (two drives each at CHPP-25 and in the Heating Networks) were installed, adjusted and put into operation. With the commissioning of three more VFDs (two at CHPP-25 and one at CHPP-26), in 2002 MOSENERGO JSC will operate 23 VFDs. According to preliminary estimates, energy savings from their operation will be about 40 million kWh per year.

The reconstructed system for suction of the vapor-gas mixture from LDPE was introduced at unit No. 5 of CHPP-25, which will allow to obtain an annual fuel saving of about 2500 tf.

The automated system for vibration diagnostics of the T-250 turbogenerator, control diagnostics systems for the PT-60 turbine and for the turbo-feed pumps of the T-250 block were introduced at CHPP-25, as a result, the expected annual cost savings will amount to almost 1.0 million rubles.

The schemes of water supply, blowdown and phosphating at boilers GRES-5 No. 2B and CHPP-8 No. 12, No. 13 have been improved. The expected annual economic effect from the implementation of measures is 0.2 million rubles per boiler;

Research and implementation work continued to expand the power system regulation range by introducing unloading modes on the sliding parameters of the T-250 and K-300 units. At MOSENERGO's power plants, 21 power units have been prepared for operation in the deep unloading mode. The operation of units on sliding parameters allowed the energy system to reduce fuel costs in 2001 by 75 million rubles. In 2002 it is planned to introduce modes of block unloading on sliding parameters when operating on fuel oil.

At CHPP-23, a built-in system was developed to protect the flow path of the TsSD-1 of the T-250-240 turbine from abrasive wear, which will prevent or significantly reduce the destruction of guide vanes and shroud seals. This will make it possible to increase the service life of the elements of the flow path of turbines by at least 2 times and reduce the cost of replacing and repairing the blade apparatus and seals.

Among the others major works:

VNIIKP Institute has developed a domestic unified termination for cables with plastic insulation with a voltage of 110 kV, the cost is about 3 times lower than imported couplings used today, which will make it possible to obtain significant cost savings.

The introduced scientific and technical developments listed above are aimed at reducing production costs and, first of all, at reducing material costs and costs. labor resources.

The reduction in the cost of supplied energy due to the introduction of scientific and technical developments amounted to 3.5% per year.

However, the rise in prices for raw materials and materials, as well as services of third-party organizations and other factors, exceeded the savings from the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technical progress.

2.3. Measures for the technical re-equipment of GRES-4

· In 2003, the unified plan for technical re-equipment at GRES-4 provides for the following measures:

· Carrying out work to expand the control range of the power system by introducing unloading modes on the sliding parameters of the T-250 and K-300 blocks. This will reduce fuel costs by 9 million rubles a year;

· Improvement of water supply scheme, blowing and phosphating on 5 boilers. The expected annual economic effect from the implementation of measures is 0.2 million rubles per boiler;

implementation automated system vibration diagnostics of the T-250 turbogenerator, control diagnostics system on the turbofeed pumps of the T-250 block, as a result, the expected annual savings will amount to almost 1.0 million rubles;

· the introduction of oil-fired steam-mechanical nozzles of the Edipol type, which provide better atomization of liquid fuel. Increasing the efficiency of fuel oil combustion will make it possible to obtain a reduction in fuel consumption by 5 million rubles. in year.

3. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF TECHNICAL RE-EQUIPMENT 3.1. Definition of initial data

The total cost of technical re-equipment is added to the cost of installed equipment, installation and commissioning, and staff training.

To determine the total cost of technical re-equipment, we will compile Table 28.

Table 28

Costs for technical re-equipment

Name of the event	Cost of equipment		Training	Total
Expansion of the regulation range of the power system	7865	248	32	8145
Automated system vibration diagnostics	5510	112	23	5645
Introduction of Edipol type nozzles	5970	115	30	6115
Improvement of the water supply scheme	810	65	20	895

We summarize the calculation of the annual economic effect from the implementation of measures in table 29.

Table 29

Annual economic effect from the implementation of measures

Let us determine the discount factor using the following

Discount = bank rate + inflation rate + risk level of the project.

Accepted initial data;

¨ bank preferential rate: 10% per annum;

¨ inflation rate: 12% per year;

¨ risk premium: 8%.

¨ Discount = 10%+12%+8% = 30%

3.2. Calculation of the economic efficiency of technical re-equipment

When calculating, we will assume that the activities will be implemented during the first year, so the effect this year will be equal to 50% of the average annual.

Calculate the net present value of NPV (Table 30):

Table 30

Year		Effect	Coefficient discounting	Cap. costs	Drive Income	PTS	NPV
1	20 800	8000	0,7692	20 800	6153,8	-14 646	-14 646
2		16000	0,5917		9467,5	9 467	-5 179
3		16000	0,4552		7282,7	7 283	2 104
4		16000	0,3501		5602,0	5 602	7 706

Thus, NTS is equal to 7607 thousand rubles. rub., i.e. Above zero. Definition internal norm return (IRR) Let us determine the IRR, ie at what discount rate the project will break even. This method of project evaluation is used by Western firms. If it is lower, let's say, than the percentage of income on government securities, then it is better to close the project altogether, or sell it to another company, taking into account partial implementation. The IRR point is located at the intersection of the NTS change graph with the abscissa axis, i.e. when NTS = 0.

To do this, consider the change in NTS: depending on the size of the discount. The calculation results are shown in the following table (Table 31):

Table 31

Discount	0,4	0,5	0,6
PTS	3 073,39	-454	-3 202

With the help of the given data, it was found that with GNI ~ 0.49

will be PTS = O.

Thus, IRR significantly exceeds the discount value adopted in the project. As a result, this project can be considered break-even.

Determining the payback period and the project profitability index

Let's determine the payback period of the project (Current) by following formula:

Current \u003d x + FTS x / NPV x + 1

x is the last year when NTS< О,

NPV x - NPV value this year (without minus),

NPV x+1 - the value of NPV in the next x+1 year.

Current == 1 + 14646/2104 = 6.96 years

Thus, the project pays off in 7 years. Let's determine the profitability index (ID) of the project:

ID \u003d 28506 / 20800 \u003d 1.37

Since ID > 1, then according to this indicator, the project can also be accepted for implementation.

3.3. Calculation of financial risks

Consider the sensitivity of the project

The sensitivity of the project is understood as the minimum values ​​of its indicators, at which the project's efficiency is maintained, and sustainability is the preservation of the project's performance indicators in various situations. We will consider the project sustainable if, when the project indicators (capital investments, economic effect, macroeconomic factors) deviate by 10% for the worse, the NPV > 0 condition remains.

Sensitivity and stability of the project to changes in the economic effect. Consider the maximum possible decrease in the total economic effect for four years of project implementation. The results of calculating the change in NTS with a decrease in sales are presented in the following table (Table 32):

Table 32

Economic effect	56 000	50 400	44 800
PTS	7 706	686	-4 523

The results of calculations of absolute and relative changes in sales volume and NPV are given in the table below (Table 33). Table 33

From the analysis of the above data, it follows that the allowable decrease in the economic effect should be no more than 7,000 thousand rubles. (with NTS >0), which corresponds to a 10% decrease in the planned economic effect. The project can be considered sustainable in terms of economic effect, since with a decrease in sales by 10%, NPV = 686 thousand rubles.

Let us now estimate the allowable increase in the value of capital expenditures. The results of calculating the change in NTS with an increase in the value of capital costs are presented in the following table (Table 34):

Table 34

capex,	20800	22880	24960
CHTS,.	7706	5626	3546

The following table shows the results of calculating the change relative values NPV and capital costs (Table 35):

Let us estimate by how many percent in an unfavorable direction a change in the bank rate and the risk premium is acceptable. Due to the insignificance of inflation, it can be assumed without calculations that the project will be resistant to inflation.

Let us estimate the change in NPV with an increase in the bank rate. The calculation results are presented in the following table (Table 36):

Table 36

Bank rate, %	10	20	30
PTS	7706	3 073	-454

Results of calculation of absolute and relative changes

bank rate and NPV are presented in the following table (tab. 37).

Table 37

From the data obtained, it follows that the project will be resistant to changes in the bank rate. Indeed, NTS becomes equal to zero when it increases to 29%.

Consider the impact of changing the magnitude of the risk. The results of calculating the change in risk values ​​and NPV are presented in the following table (Table 38):

Table 38

Risk, %	8	12	20
PTS	7706	5693	2292

Absolute and relative changes in risk values ​​and NPV are presented in the following table (Table 39);

Table 39

It follows from the given data that the project can be considered resistant to changes in the magnitude of the risk. The maximum risk can be increased up to 30%.

Based on the results of this section of the project appraisal, a summary table of the obtained data on the sensitivity and sustainability of the project was compiled (Table 40):

CONCLUSION

The modern national economy is a complex mechanism of interaction between producers and buyers. It consists of a large number a variety of industrial, financial, commercial and information enterprises interacting within the framework of the legal legislation adopted in the country.

The main subjects of economic activity, interacting with each other, make a continuous circulation of resources, products and incomes. Energy enterprises, having paid the established price for materials and semi-finished products in the resource market, produce electricity and heat. This is the main role and function of enterprises

Most of the innovative programs that have been implemented in recent years include R&D, the results of which are new equipment and technologies created specifically for the working conditions of JSC MOSENERGO and ensuring high efficiency of its work and a modern technical level.

Kashirskaya GRES-4 im. G.M. Krzhizhanovsky have an installed capacity of 1885 MW. They generate about 10% of the total electricity in the Mosenergo system.

The analysis of financial and economic activity showed:

¨ the balance sheet profit of the reporting year decreased significantly – by 10,801 thousand rubles, or by 40.06 percent.

¨ the total amount of the company's funds decreased by 64 thousand rubles, or by 0.03 percent. The largest share in the property structure is occupied by non-current assets - 84.39 percent at the beginning of the year and 82.03 percent at the end of the year. In the structure of current assets at the beginning of the year, the largest share (85.75 percent) is occupied by tangible current assets;

¨ at the end of the year there were significant changes in these groups both in absolute amount and in their specific weights;

¨ profitability indicators of all funds and operating funds, calculated on the total amount of profit and profit from the sale of products, decreased by 24.76 percent compared to the previous year;

¨ in the reporting period, there is a payment deficit of the most liquid assets (A1) of cash and short-term financial investments in the amount of 9571 thousand rubles at the beginning of the year and 6305 thousand rubles at the end of the year;

¨ the absolute liquidity ratio in 2001 did not exceed the lower limit of the threshold indicator by 0.0022 points, and in 2002 it not only did not increase, but decreased by 0.0375 points.

¨ the financial condition of the enterprise at the beginning and end of the analyzed period is a crisis, since the analysis revealed a lack of own working capital (7641 thousand rubles at the beginning and 3233 thousand rubles at the end of the period), own and long-term borrowed sources of inventory formation and costs (7201 thousand rubles at the beginning and 2993 thousand rubles at the end of the period), the total value of the main sources of formation of reserves and costs (7201 thousand rubles at the beginning and 1627 thousand rubles at the end of the period), "Reserves" are not provided by sources of their formation;

¨ the total deviation of actual costs per 1 ruble of marketable products from the level according to the approved plan is 0.62 kopecks per 1 ruble;

¨ industrial and production fixed assets increased by 1,317 thousand rubles, or 0.79% over the year. At the same time, the active part increased more significantly - by 1,209 thousand rubles, or by 102.30%. The specific gravity of the active part increased by 0.47%;

¨ the total return on assets decreased by 1.6054 points, or 59.36%, while the return on assets of the active part of fixed assets decreased more significantly - by 4.7444 points, or 61.17%;

At the enterprises of JSC Mosenergo, technical re-equipment is carried out according to a single plan. Financing of technical measures is carried out at the expense of the centralized development fund and bank loans.

In 2003, the unified plan for technical re-equipment at GRES-4 provides for the following measures: carrying out work to expand the regulation range of the power system, which will make it possible to reduce fuel costs by 9 million rubles a year; improvement of the water supply scheme, blowing and phosphating; introduction of an automated system for vibration diagnostics of the T-250 turbogenerator, a system for diagnosing control on the turbofeed pumps of the T-250 block; the introduction of oil-fired steam-mechanical nozzles of the Edipol type, which provide better atomization of liquid fuel.

The economic evaluation of the measures showed that

the project pays off in 7 years, while the index of profitability (ID) of the project is 1.37. According to the results of the examination, the project can be considered sustainable, since changes for the worse in the indicators in the amount of three years were considered.

LITERATURE

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2. Balabanov I. T. Fundamentals of financial management: Proc. allowance -M.: Finance and statistics, 1998.

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4. Volkova K.A. State enterprise. M., Economics 1990.

5. Grechikova I.N. Management. M.1997.

6. Dessler G. Personnel management. M.1997.

7. Egoshin A.P. Personnel Management. N. Novgorod 1999.

8. Zhilner B.Z. Organization theory. M.1998.

9. Zhukov E.N. Securities and stock markets. - M-: UNITI, 1995.

10. Zelenov L.A. system of philosophy. N. Novgorod 1991.

11. Kovalev V.V. Introduction to financial management. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002.

12. Kovalev V.V. Financial analysis: Money management. Choice of investments. Reporting Analysis, 2nd ed. - M.: Finance and statistics, 1997.

13. Kovaleva A.M., Varennikova N.P., Bogacheva V.D. Finance.: M. Finance and statistics, 2002.

14. Kreinina M.N. Financial condition enterprises. Assessment methods. - M.: IKP "DIS", 1997.

15. Lipsits I.V., Kossov V.V. Investment project. - M: Publishing house of VEK, 1996. M. 1995.

16. Maxwell D. Chef and his team. S-Pb.1998.

17. Management. Uch. allowance. M.: Intra-M.1999.

18. Meskon M. Fundamentals of management. M.1994.

19. Molyakov D.S., Shokhin E.I. The theory of enterprise finance. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002.

20. Perar J. Financial management with exercises. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001.

21. Peter E.L. Management is the art of managing. M.1995.

22. Polyakov V.A. Career technology: Practical guide. M.1995.

23. Saiman G. Management in organizations. M. 1995.

24. Selezneva N.N., Ionova A.F. Financial Analysis: Textbook. - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002.

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27. Financial management: Textbook /Ed. N.F. Samsonov. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001.

28. Finance of enterprises. Textbook for universities / N.V. Kolchina, G.B. Polyak, L.P. Pavlova and others; Ed. prof. N.V. Kolchina. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITI-DANA, 2002.

29. www/mosenergo.ru

The turnover rate for the reception of employees is an important indicator of the movement of labor in the enterprise. It is required in order to monitor the movement of the labor force, in particular, to determine the proportion of people hired to the average list already enlisted earlier for this period.

The movement of labor in the enterprise

Personnel movement in an organization is the number of employees who are hired, fired, transferred to another department, or occupy a new position in the organization.

The movement of the number of employees is carried out for various reasons. Firstly, people reach an age when they are already distinguished by their ability to work and are accepted into various organizations. In addition, some people retire at a certain age.

Secondly, it takes into account the military conscription and the end of the service. Thirdly, the change of place of residence largely affects the movement of workers. It takes into account the receipt of special education and employment in their specialty. Be sure to take into account that people may not be satisfied with their work, conditions, pay (for example, a difficult atmosphere in a team or with superiors, non-payment of bonuses, regime, etc.).

Personnel management is carried out thanks to the maintenance of special documentation. These can be various orders and requests. In addition, for this purpose, it is always required to calculate various indicators. For example, it can be turnovers on acceptance and disposal.

The reception turnover takes into account the number of people who are accepted to perform various duties. But this parameter is calculated only for the time period. The labor force is formed by various sources. For example, this happens in the direction of employment services. Employees can be transferred from other companies. In addition, people go to work after graduation. Services that control the movement of personnel may use other sources.

With regard to turnover on departure, this is the number of employees who were dismissed due to various reasons. Among them, the main ones are considered to be the end of the contract, retirement upon reaching a certain age. In addition, a man can be drafted into the army. Sometimes employees are transferred to other companies or departments. The reason for dismissal may be admission to study at specialized institutions. The end of work due to the death of a person is taken into account.

If a person leaves the workplace for no good reason, then this phenomenon is called labor turnover or excessive turnover. So a person can quit because of his desire, which he is not obliged to explain to anyone. In addition, he may be fired by management due to frequent absenteeism or other violations that are not provided for by discipline in the organization. Now there are new reasons when a person is fired. For example, a company may go into liquidation.

There is sometimes a reduction in the number of employees due to the fact that there is a decline in production. In some sectors of the domestic economy, you can notice large indicators.

But such a disposal is not carried out because of the fault of the employees, but it still refers to excessive turnover and has a negative impact on the economy and the social sphere.

Turnover ratio

Personnel movement indicators are very diverse. For example, the acceptance turnover index is taken into account. This parameter takes into account the number of people who are accepted into the company, but the amount must be further divided by the average number of employees on the list for a certain period.

The turnover ratio is also calculated for dismissal. In this case, the number of people who were fired in a certain period of time is taken into account, but the amount is divided by the average number of employees that are on the list of the company.

As for the turnover rate in the enterprise, it is necessary to sum up both the number of people hired in the company and the number of people laid off, and then divided by the number of people in the organization. The indicator is also calculated only for a certain period.

The turnover ratio is required in order to study the intensity of the dynamics of the workforce and compare with other companies or departments. If we consider the turnover ratio on arrival, then it can be calculated in general, as well as for individual reasons.

For example, people who quit on their own, as well as those who were dismissed due to absenteeism, are taken into account separately. But the denominator in the calculations will always be the same.

In addition, it is necessary to calculate the company's labor turnover index. In this case, it is required to divide the number of people who were dismissed due to a violation of discipline or at their own request by the number of employees who are on the list of the enterprise. The last index shows the movement of the labor force, which is characterized as unjustified, because. it leads to the fact that it takes time to train new workers.

It is best to calculate the parameters not only as a whole for the entire enterprise, but also for individual departments, departments, workshops. You can make calculations for certain groups of workers and their categories. Such indexes will help to make the analysis more detailed, which is of practical importance for personnel management.

If we consider the turnover index for various sectors of the economy, the data will differ significantly. For example, the maximum disposal turnover will be in the construction industry, where the parameter reaches almost 50%. In trade and catering, this index is approximately 41%. For the communications sector, it is almost 32%. Most low parameters according to the studied indicator are observed in management, where the indicator does not exceed 13%. In science, it is only 17%, as in education. For agriculture, the figure is 27%, and for the industrial sector, up to about 30%.

Comprehensive workforce analysis

Indicators of the movement of the number of employees help to analyze the efficiency of the use of labor resources. To do this, it is imperative to calculate not only the turnover rate for the acceptance and dismissal of employees, as well as the full turnover rate, but also the replacement (replenishment) index.

The replacement index is known as the replacement rate for workers. This parameter is required in order to link labor migration with the situation that is developing in the labor market. This index is calculated as follows. It takes the number of employees who were hired in a certain period divided by the number of people who were laid off during that time. The index is calculated in another way. In this case, the incoming turnover ratio must be divided by the outgoing turnover index. If the resulting number is less than one, then at the enterprise, in the industry or in the economy as a whole there is a tendency to reduce the number of employees, which leads to unemployment.

In addition, you should pay attention to the coefficient of constancy. It helps to characterize the level of employees who are constantly involved in a particular enterprise. The indicator is taken into account only for a certain period. To calculate it, it is required to subtract the number of those people who quit from the number of employees on the lists at the beginning of the billing period. Further, the resulting number must be divided by the average number of employees on the lists for the entire period. In addition, the analysis will need an indicator of absenteeism. This coefficient indicates the ratio of the number when people did not go to work to the total number of working days.

What else matters?

Another indicator that needs to be calculated is the average output per employee per year. It will take the number of all products that were created in a year, divided by the number of employees on the list in the company.

To determine the average daily output, you need to divide the total production that was produced in a year by the number of days. The average output per hour is calculated as the total volume of output per year, divided by the number of hours that a person has worked. There are many more specific indicators that will help to make a more detailed analysis.

Many employers want their employees to work for a long time in their organization, because in this case they will be able to fully understand the production process and make decisions to optimize their activities. For a more complete assessment of the company's personnel, a wide variety of coefficients are used, and among them the staff permanence coefficient stands out, on the basis of which various management decisions.

The Essence of the Frame Persistence Ratio

The essence of the staff permanence ratio lies in the fact that it can be used to determine the proportion of employees in the state who have been working at the enterprise for a long time and are able to bring the maximum amount of useful results for the organization's activities. This indicator indicates whether there is a turnover or staff turnover, and therefore, on its basis, it is possible to analyze the general personnel policy at the enterprise and the need to make any urgent management decisions.

This indicator, as well as other characteristics of the constancy of the staff of the company, is designed to solve the following tasks:

• determination of the composition of personnel by groups;
• identifying the proportion of employees with a long work experience at this enterprise;
• determining the causes of staff turnover;
• analysis and identification of reserves to reduce staff turnover;
• the possibility of forming a permanent personnel potential of the organization.

Justification for the need to calculate the coefficient

The need to calculate the staff retention rate is due to the fact that on its basis objective reasons for employee turnover are identified, if any at the enterprise, and its level is quite high. It is necessary to clearly understand that it is the composition of the staff, their qualifications and skill level that largely determines the efficiency of the enterprise. The more employees have a long work experience in the enterprise, the greater the effectiveness of their professional activities.

Accordingly, if the staff retention ratio is low, this may indicate some problems in the personnel policy, which is conducted with errors or without taking into account the current economic situation. The calculation of the coefficient is intended to obtain objective results, on the basis of which it will be possible to make competent management decisions that can improve personnel policy and reduce the loss of human resources at the enterprise.

Based on the staff permanence ratio, various results can be obtained and applied to improve the personnel policy of the enterprise. The activities that use the results of calculating the staff retention rate include:

Event	Description
Analysis of the composition and structure of personnel	The event is aimed at analyzing the age and qualification composition of employees
Determination of groups of employees in accordance with the length of service at the enterprise	The event is aimed at dividing employees by duration of work in the organization
Identifying staff turnover issues	Determining the reasons why employees leave the organization
Search for reserves to replace personnel	Analysis of the possibilities of expanding the organization's personnel if necessary

The formula for calculating the coefficient

To calculate the staff retention rate for a calendar year, a special formula is used, which can be presented in the following form:

K p \u003d Ch p / Ch sr

K p - coefficient of staff constancy;

N n - the number of employees who have fully worked in the analyzed reporting period;

H cf - the average number of employees.

At the same time, the number of employees who have fully completed the entire reporting period is calculated as the difference between the employees on the payroll at the beginning of the period and the employees who retired during this period. It does not take into account employees who, during this time, joined the organization and left before the end of the period, since they were not there at the beginning of the year. In this regard, the formula for calculating the constancy coefficient may have a slightly different form:

K p \u003d (H n - H in) / H sr

where: N n - the number of employees at the beginning of the analyzed period;

N in - the number of employees who left for the analyzed period.

Normative indicators of the coefficient

Naturally, the low value of this indicator indicates that there is a frequent change of personnel at the enterprise, that is, those employees who have worked in the organization for some period decide to leave it for some reason. But also a constantly high value of the coefficient, close to one, is not a very good indicator, since it may indicate that the composition of the staff does not change, and therefore there is no influx of “fresh forces”, which corresponds to a low replacement of employees. For this reason, certain problems may arise in the future if, for example, most employees are of pre-retirement age, and therefore will go on a well-deserved rest within a short period of time.

Common coefficient calculation errors

Let us consider what significant errors can be in the calculation of the frame permanence ratio. As a rule, they can be associated with the determination average headcount employees for the calendar year or with an incorrect definition of employees who left the organization. Let's take a closer look at these inaccuracies:

Mistake #1. incorrectly calculated average headcount

This indicator is calculated for the calendar year using a special formula, which has the following form:

Avg (year) = [ Avg (January) + Avg (February) + Avg (March) + Avg (April) + Avg (May) + Avg (June) + Avg (July) + Avg (August) + Avg (September) + Midmid (October) + Midmid (November) + Midmid (December) ] / 12

As can be seen from the above formula, the annual average headcount depends on monthly indicators, each of which must also be calculated:

Avg (month) = the sum of all employees who have fully worked the month / number of calendar days

Only using the above formulas can accurately calculate the average annual headcount, and, consequently, the staff retention rate will have an actual value.

Mistake #2. the number of employees who retired in the analyzed year

Sometimes the calculation of this indicator takes data on all retired employees, but this is not the right approach. To calculate the indicator, only those employees who were originally on the lists, and then during the specified period left the organization for any reason, should be taken into account. At the same time, dismissal should not be confused with transfer to another unit, if the coefficient is calculated for the whole enterprise - in this case, the employee still remains to work in the company, only the structural unit or position changes.

Management decisions taken by the coefficient

On the basis of the obtained results of the dynamics of changes in the coefficient of permanence of personnel for several years, it is possible to make certain managerial decisions aimed at improving the personnel policy of the enterprise. At the same time, it is necessary to identify the most acute problems that should be addressed as a matter of priority. These include moments related to the dismissal of employees from the organization, the reasons for which may be low wages, poor working conditions, problems in the team.

The staff retention ratio shows that there are any conflict situations or negative conditions in the staff that need to be detected and resolved in the near future. At the same time, they can be either explicit or hidden, but in both cases they must be identified and resolved as soon as possible.

High staff retention is also somewhat of a negative point, as there is no staff turnover in the organization. There is no influx of new employees, or they enter and immediately leave in one calendar year, which also indicates some kind of hidden problem in the team. In other words, among newly hired employees there is a high turnover of staff, which negatively affects the staffing of employees.

Coefficient calculation example

In Strela LLC, the HR officer decides to calculate the staff retention rate for 2015. In doing so, he takes into account the following indicators:

From the calculation presented in the table, it can be seen that the staff retention rate has a low value, since the average headcount indicator has a high value. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the reasons why the average number of employees differs so much from the number of employees at the beginning of the year. It includes employees who worked in one or more months, that is, they were hired and fired in the same year. Particular attention should be paid to what are the reasons for their dismissal, which may be:

• standard (seasonal and temporary employees to perform certain operations);
• non-standard (conflicts in the team, low wages, difficult working conditions).

In the first case, the low staff retention rate is associated with the specifics of the organization's activities, that is, the direction of its management. In the second case, it is necessary to more carefully consider problems in the team or improve the personnel policy of the enterprise.

4 common questions about employee retention

Question number 1. How often should the staff retention rate be calculated?

It is best to calculate this ratio at least once a year, although with a large number of employees or noticeable staff turnover, you can do this more often. The fact is that this indicator helps to identify hidden problems in personnel policy and prevent the emergence of negative situations associated with a lack of employees or lack of their reserve.

Question number 2. If the organization does not calculate the staff permanence ratio, what can it threaten?

It is necessary to analyze what is the general situation in the enterprise with the turnover and turnover of personnel. If in general there are no serious problems, then most likely the staffing and structure are within the normal range. However, this indicator needs to be calculated in order to anticipate the risks that may cause negative situations in the future.

Question number 3. Is it enough to calculate only the staff permanence ratio?

This is one of the main indicators that require calculation, however, it must be taken into account that there are many other coefficients and characteristics. Only their totality will make it possible to determine whether the current personnel policy is effective or whether any measures to improve it should be urgently taken.

Question number 4. When calculating the frame constancy coefficient, a value close to one is obtained. What does this mean?

This fact indicates that there is no change in personnel at the enterprise, that is, the same employees have been working in their places for many years. On the one hand, this is good, because they have thoroughly studied the production and economic process and have high level knowledge and professionalism. But on the other hand, they cannot transfer this knowledge to anyone, since there are no new employees who could replace them in the future. And when a situation arises that employees who have worked for a long time will have to go on a well-deserved rest, they will have to be replaced by employees who have no idea about the activities of the organization.

The personnel department of the enterprise is responsible for the formation of a permanent workforce.

This factor contributes to the productive work of the entire team. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand how the frame permanence ratio is calculated.

What you need to know

Organizations exist only thanks to the working staff.

On Russian market appeared a large number foreign companies with improved systems for personnel management, which shows that domestic firms need to improve the level of their management.

Components of administration:

• regulation;
• forecasting the need for personnel;
• selection of conscientious, responsible, qualified candidates;
• development of incentive programs;
• analysis of employees' activities;
• preparation of a reserve (external and internal);
• organizing regular employee training events;
• formation of joint rest of workers.

If you effectively use all of the above factors, then you can create a team whose members will be aware that the success of the entire organization depends on the efforts of each.

It is important that employees fully correspond to their position. The personnel department usually includes a lawyer, a psychologist, a recruitment manager, an engineer responsible for training workers.

A leading specialist must be well versed in management, economics, labor law, psychology, and pedagogy.

Human resources officers conduct analysis in different areas. They need to consider the following questions:

How much time and effort does it take to adapt a new employee	Calculated separately for each profession. Taken into account - the time of the mentor, the employee being trained, the cost of the materials used
How much effort will it take to train an instructor	Taken into account - the development of training programs, the professional qualities of the teacher
Overall percentage of positions	to which adaptation is applied. The ideal option is the indicator - 100%. Productive work requires the compilation of a matrix that reflects the work performed and plans for the future
Number of employees suitable for the role of mentors	Determined by the number of involved professions, inexperienced workers
How many employees from among those hired have successfully adapted to the work of the enterprise	It's good when the indicator is 100%. If the worker does not pass, the manager must analyze what caused it. When it becomes a system, you need to review the approach to hiring employees and improve the procedure

Basic concepts

Taking into account the tasks performed, personnel are of the following varieties:

Essential Workers	Directly engaged in the production of products, the provision of services
Support staff	Servicing production equipment
MOS	Monitor the cleanliness of the enterprise, serve the administrative apparatus, perform ancillary work
Specialists	Persons responsible for organizational and Maintenance. These include - mechanics, economists, engineers, technicians, accountants
Leaders	Make decisions related to the management of the enterprise, monitor their implementation. The position can be linear or functional. These are: masters, chiefs, general directors, foremen, heads of departments
Employees	Engaged in paperwork, procurement and sales. This class includes: clerks, supply agents, forwarders, secretaries, cashiers. The complexity of the duties performed depends on practical skills, special knowledge

Personnel are the main component of the organization. They include all qualified workers, whose abilities are constantly used taking into account the needs of production.

The following personality traits are important:

• creative;
• labor;
• entrepreneurial;
• professional.

The staff retention rate is the ratio of the number of employees who have been employed over a long period of time to the average number of employees.

Persons who left the labor collective for various reasons are not taken into account. Movement within an organization can be of several types:

Personnel movement helps to create a balance between vacancies and the quality of the work performed. A change in the number of employees often involves the movement of labor.

As a result, it is possible to determine the turnover by incoming and outgoing. The reception turnover shows the number of persons admitted to the enterprise for a certain period of time.

The labor resources are:

• educational establishments;
• job centers;
• personnel exchange;
• apparatus employed.

The retirement turnover makes it clear how many people were laid off for various reasons. The most common of them:

1. Death of a worker.
2. Call for compulsory military service.
3. Ending .
4. Admission to .

Staff turnover is an excessive turnover, entailing negative social and economic consequences - labor productivity decreases, the quality of manufactured goods and services becomes worse.

Fluidity occurs in the following situations:

• the employee paid for;
• the organization was liquidated;
• the employee was fired for repeated violations of the internal regulations of the enterprise;
• there was a decline in production.

Why calculations are needed

The professionalism of the workforce has a direct impact on business development strategies. This is important in a highly competitive market.

In order for the management of the enterprise to have complete information about the human resource, appropriate calculations are made.

This allows you to see the potential of the existing workforce, direct it to the modernization of the company.

Thanks to this, useful experience is gained, the company becomes competitive. The study of personnel opportunities stimulates the development of measures aimed at retaining personnel.

The enterprise becomes attractive to potential employees with the necessary qualifications, experience, and profession.

Identifying the real causes helps to create working conditions that would reduce staff turnover.

In practice, the distribution of personnel occurs in several categories:

Yavochnaya	Gives an idea of ​​the minimum number of employees who came. The difference between those who appeared and those who were registered indicates the reasons for downtime - illness
list	The number of workers for a specific number is calculated. Persons employed and retired on that day are taken into account. Records are kept of temporary and permanent workers. This list also includes temporarily absent employees.
	Calculated monthly, yearly or quarterly. The total number of employees is summarized for a specific period and divided by the number of calendar days of this period

Legal regulation

Defines the employment of the population as an activity that does not contradict the law and is aimed at meeting the public and personal needs of citizens.

The result of labor is the payment wages. Article 2 of Federal Law No. 1032-1 contains a definition of employed citizens.

These are:

1. Contract workers.
2. Individual entrepreneurs.
3. Implementers.
4. members of cooperatives.
5. Military on a contract basis.
6. Students of vocational schools.
7. Temporarily disabled citizens.
8. Farmers.

Guarantees every citizen the freedom to protect their rights using legal methods.

contains a list of ways to restore labor law:

labor processes are regulated by the Labor Law:

There are recruiting agencies. They collect detailed information on personnel and then provide it to the contacting enterprise.

Personnel management at the enterprise is regulated by a combination of the following documents:

How to find coefficients in relation to personnel in an enterprise

The turnover of employees within the organization is determined using formulas. The calculation is carried out on
the basis of data on employees who took part in the activities of the company.

An important index is list average. Accepted for a position, a place is considered to be a person for whom the employer has issued an appropriate order.

The value of staff turnover is important not only for the company as a whole, but also taking into account its individual structural divisions. Such indicators are considered private coefficients.

The method of their calculation is equal to the similar definition of the general indicator. The calculation of the movement of labor takes place taking into account the following coefficients:

Formulas for calculation

To calculate, you need to know the following data:

Personnel selection ratio:

Frame acceptance rate:

Replenishment ratio:

The indicator indicates the speed of personnel replacement. The best result is a number equal to one.

Personnel turnover ratio:

Staff turnover rate:

Personnel losses from the volatility of the number of workers:

Determining the demand of the enterprise in personnel:

where Op is the volume of production, B is the output of the working unit.

Method for calculating the labor resource fund:

where Tv is the average duration of the working period (days, hours).

Definition of hidden time losses:

where Pt is the expected increase in productivity, Fv is the fund of labor time per unit.

Flow intensity factor:

This is an indicator of inconsistency in a single unit.

Constancy (stability)

The coefficient of immutability of the staff composition is calculated taking into account the following data:

The frame retention ratio is calculated as the ratio:

The stability index should be close to unity. This will be a good characteristic of the enterprise, the use of the potential of workers.

Staff replacements

To find the labor force replacement rate, you need the following indicators:

Calculation formula:

Calculation example

The indicator can be calculated by the ratio of the average number of those who entered into an employment agreement or paid off to the average number of employees.

Sample

The company averaged 2,000 employees per year. Of these, 300 employees quit. Signed an agreement for the work of 500 people.

The replacement rate will be equal to:

An example of determining the coefficients of personnel movement at the enterprise:

No. p / p	Indicators	The number of employees
1	Average number, people	770
2	Employed total (sum of lines 2.1–2.3)	100
2.1	Accepted by the leader	95
2.2	In the direction of educational institutions	3
2.3	Transferred from other companies	2
3	Intake turnover, % (p. 2 / p. 1 × 100)	95 / 770 × 100 = 12.34
4	Settled (sum on pages 4.1–4.3)	58
4.1	Due to the expiration of the contract	40
4.2	By downsizing	13
4.3	For violation of work discipline	5
5	Layoff turnover, % (line 4 / line 1 × 100)	58 / 770 × 100 = 7.53
6	Flow rate (p. 4.1 + p. 4.3 / p. 1)	(40+5) / 770 = 0,058
7	Number of employees who worked at the enterprise during the year	651
8	Personnel stability coefficient (p. 7 / p. 1)	651 / 770 = 0,86

Normative value of indicators

The normative values ​​of all coefficients differ depending on the planned activity of the enterprise. All indicators are regulated by relevant legal acts.

In most cases, the stability factor should be zero or positive.

The optimal ratio of the costs of finding a specialist to the costs of his adaptation will be the proportion of the norm 3:1. The replenishment coefficient must be equal to one.

A negative value indicates the need to reduce staff, which increases the number of unemployed. A positive indicator indicates that it is necessary to select a team.

The turnover rate shows the stability of personnel and the well-established joint work of all workers. Indicators should be minimal.

The value of the coefficient of staff permanence in mechanical engineering

The sociological survey data show that there are insufficiently qualified specialists in the machine-building industry. It is 25%.

The retirement rate at industrial enterprises in Russia is 29.5%. The replacement percentage is 1.022. That says a lot about staff turnover.

Staff turnover prevention advice

Frequent frame changes can be avoided by taking a few steps:

Labor market	An employee of the personnel department is obliged to monitor the demanded professions, positions. Explore the requirements that apply to all specialties. Improve the quality of work in your company. Only under these conditions can you get an experienced specialist with good potential. Labor market analysis is carried out at least twice a year
Definition of clear requirements for a person	Wishing to take a vacant place - skills, knowledge, skills. Criteria should capture all aspects of the employee's personality. Standards are developed taking into account the development strategy of the enterprise
Search for candidates	The correct use of human potential depends on the right choice. To facilitate the task, you can use the advice of acquaintances, the services of specialized recruitment agencies, the worldwide network, announcements in the media, cooperation with educational institutions.
Selection of applicants	It consists of several stages - a preliminary conversation, filling out the applicant's questionnaire
Analysis of personnel policy	Study of available labor resources

It is managers who, having analyzed the activities of the enterprise, can correctly select qualified personnel. This will affect staff turnover and the work of the entire organization.

A factor in the stability of the enterprise, the prerequisites for the growth of labor productivity and production efficiency is a permanent staff, its stability. Staff turnover is an indirect sign of problems associated with the organization of labor and personnel management.

There are two types of staff turnover: physical and psychological (hidden). Physical fluidity

firewood characterized by the dismissal of employees for various reasons. Hidden , or psychological , staff turnover is not associated with the dismissal of employees, but with a drop in interest in the results of labor, a decrease or loss of motivation, and self-elimination from active work. Negative consequences hidden staff turnover are instability in the workforce, a decrease in labor productivity and the formation of a negative image among potential specialists.

To characterize the movement of the labor force, the dynamics of the following indicators is calculated and analyzed:

acceptance turnover ratio (K admission) - is the ratio of the total number of employees hired for the reporting period (L prin) to the average number for the same period (/? cf):

Shows how many percent (if the coefficient is multiplied by 100) the composition of the staff has been updated due to the newly hired in the reporting year.

The average number is a calculated value, which is determined by summing all accepted for permanent, seasonal and temporary work for each calendar day of the month and dividing by the number of calendar days of the month;

disposal turnover ratio (K yy6):

Characterizes the share of retired workers for various reasons in the reporting period to the average number. Exceeding the turnover ratio on disposal indirectly indicates possible problems associated with unsatisfactory organization and working conditions, the lack of an incentive system and social protection;

total staff turnover ratio (To general) - is determined by the ratio of the total number of hired and retired employees for the reporting period to the average number for the same period:

Gives a general assessment of the degree of change in the personnel composition due to both newly hired workers and those who left for various reasons. The higher the coefficient, the higher the instability and the composition of the workforce is not constant;

staff turnover rate (K tskk):

This ratio, compared with the retirement turnover ratio, gives an answer to the question about the nature of the retirement process: a high value of the staff turnover rate indicates a low interest of the company's management to form a stable and permanent staff structure, improve the level of organization and labor discipline. If the turnover rate on retirement is higher than the value, it means that the movement of personnel is caused by objective reasons: dismissals due to retirement, conscription for military service, due to illness, disability, etc .;

coefficient of constancy of the personnel of the enterprise (To bridge comp):

It characterizes the stability and sustainability of human resources, especially when assessing it over a number of years. If the coefficient has slight changes over time, this indicates the attractiveness of the company, the correctness of the formed material and corporate value guidelines, and the motivation system as a whole:

replacement rate (To substitute):

The coefficient allows assessing the scale of changes in production activities: its growth in dynamics characterizes the expansion of the business due to the influx of new employees, and the negative value of the coefficient may indicate forced layoffs of employees due to the crisis and the need to restructure the enterprise.

An example of the analysis of the dynamics of labor movement coefficients is presented in Table. 8.4.

Table 8.4

Labor movement coefficients

Indicators		T 0	Changes
			absolute
Accepted workers, pers.
Dropped out, man.
Including:
into the armed forces
on retire
at will
for violation of labor discipline
Average number of employees, pers.
Number of employees who have worked a full year, pers.
Acceptance turnover ratio
Retirement turnover ratio
Total staff turnover ratio
Replacement rate
Staff turnover rate
Composition consistency factor

During the study period, the enterprise experienced an active personnel movement: the total turnover ratio exceeded 64% for the previous period and 58% for the reporting year. There is a noticeable renewal of the staff: turnover rates for hiring 46% for the last year and 45% for the reporting period indicate the share of newly hired employees, while at the same time, the departure of personnel amounted to no more than 18 and 13% for the last and reporting periods, respectively. This indicates the expansion of activities and the emergence of new jobs. The turnover rate on retirement has decreased, however, its rather high value must be considered in comparative dynamics with the staff turnover rate. The latter, as can be seen from the calculations, is no more than 7% over the past year with a decrease in the reporting year to 5%. Consequently, the main reason for the dismissal of employees is associated with objective and natural reasons for the end of employment: retirement, illness, etc. The replacement rate characterizes the excess of the share of new personnel compared to those who left during the reporting period. Renewal of personnel, thus, occurred on average by 32%. The value of the coefficient of constancy of the composition, equal to 42% in the reporting year, shows what part of the employees from the average staff worked for a full year. The stability of labor resources is increasing, and this is confirmed by the dynamics of this coefficient.